中文原文 · 中文 + English · History index / 历史目录
1918¶
1918¶
概要：¶
Summary:¶
德意志投降， 五四军阀， 甘地， 殖民地， 孙中山， 北伐， 井冈山， 青霉素， 东北沦陷， 大萧条， 白宫补偿军， 罗斯福， 长征抗日， 西安事变， 希特勒， 二战闪电战， 集中营， 鲁迅萧红， 汪精卫， 张爱玲， 大西洋宪章, 进攻苏联， 军人与魔鬼， 珍珠港， 重庆， 驼峰航线， 士兵和胜利， 语言之战， D Day, 美元黄金， {{{1
Germany's surrender, the Beiyang warlords, Gandhi, colonialism, Sun Yat-sen, Northern Expedition, Jinggangshan, penicillin, Northeastern China's fall, Great Depression, U.S. Bonus Army, Roosevelt, Long March and anti-Japanese resistance, Xi'an Incident, Hitler, World War II Blitzkrieg, concentration camps, Lu Xun and Xiao Hong, Wang Jingwei, Zhang Ailing, Atlantic Charter, Soviet invasion, soldiers and victory, language war, D-Day, dollars and gold.
1918年流感暴发， 欧美大面积传染， 西欧是重灾区， 染病死亡率3%， 这是全球平均数， 欧洲的死亡率更高。 美国总统也被传染了， 但是交战国都压制报道， 后来估计死亡五千万人。 只有中立国西班牙报道了疫情， 结果瘟疫被命名为西班牙流感。
The influenza outbreak in 1918 spread widely in Europe and the Americas, with Western Europe being particularly hard hit. The infection fatality rate was 3%, which is the global average; however, the death rate in Europe was even higher.
The U.S. president was also infected, but belligerent states suppressed reports of the outbreak. Later, it is estimated that five million people died. Only neutral Spain reported the pandemic, and as a result, the disease was named the Spanish flu.
1918年 11月 9日，德国凯撒，威廉二世 退位。 这位皇帝曾经向中国派遣大量的远征军参与八国联军， 当时因为好战而被称为「匈军」。 他在位的时候德国与英国关系恶劣， 然而他的母亲是来自英国皇室的维多利亚长公主， 后世的心理学家分析 长公主 自幼对 Wilhelm 过于严苛的教育也是导致英德争霸的原因之一。
On November 9, 1918, Kaiser William II of Germany abdicated.
This emperor had dispatched large numbers of expeditionary forces to participate in the Boxer Rebellion alongside other powers, at a time when he was known as the "Hungarian Army" due to his aggressive stance. During his reign, Germany and Britain were on poor terms, but his mother was the Grand Princess Victoria of the British royal family. Later psychologists analyzed that the Grand Princess's overly strict education of Wilhelm since childhood might have been one of the reasons for the Anglo-German rivalry.
很快， 德国宣布投降。
Germany soon declared its surrender.
一战落幕时，四个帝国落没，德国、奥匈、土耳其-奥特曼、沙俄。 几大贵族传承系统随之消散： the Romanovs, the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, and the Ottomans. 当然还有沙俄的贵族体系。 曾经的公主和王子们走入风尘， 高贵的血脉线渐渐模糊。
The First World War ended with four empires collapsing: Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia. Several noblelineage systems also dissipated: the Romanovs, the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, and the Ottomans, of course including the Russian nobility as well. Princesses and princes entered obscurity; their noble bloodlines gradually faded.
这些贵族们与红楼梦中的不同， 他们资助了科学、艺术、宗教， 他们保持了骑士精神和对天国的敬畏， 在他们的世界里下跪磕头是不可接受的耻辱，无论主仆。 而他们的历史却在中国秽史中被归为屈辱的输入源， 或者师夷制夷的对象。
These nobles are different from those in Dream of the Red Chamber, they supported science, art, and religion, they upheld chivalry and reverence for heaven, kneeling and bowing was considered an unacceptable shame, regardless of master or servant, in their world. Yet their history is relegated to a source of humiliation in China’s sordid past, or as the object of learning from the West to counter it.
除了沙俄变色，另有一系列中欧和东欧国家成立， 欧洲已经碎掉了。 因此， 当时人们并不像后世以为的那样相信这只是两次世界大战的中场休息。
Apart from the betrayal by Tsarist Russia, several Central and Eastern European countries also emerged, Europe had already been shattered. Therefore, people at the time did not believe, as later generations might think, that this was merely a halftime break between two world wars.
第一次世界大战结束了， 它比本文的记录剧烈得多， 有一个问题却当然还没有解决。 这个世界上， 土地是有限的， 资源是有限的， 而工业化的武器生产仿佛是无限的。 考虑这样的因素时，世界大战只是在中场休息。
The First World War had ended, but an unresolved issue remained: land and resources were finite, while industrialized weaponry seemed endless. Considering these factors, every world war was essentially a halftime.
英国仍然可以控制海面， 而日本、美国都已经具备了远洋作战的能力。 多数人还不知道航母和潜艇将成为制海权主力。面对大海， 英国已经有点力不从心， 无法看清新的挑战。欧洲大陆上， 德法仇恨仍然等着解决的一天， 德国军人已经知道下一战的武器是飞机和坦克， 希特勒还在德国陆军中工作和学习。 工业化中的殖民体系演化成为战争摧发体系， 英国拥有最多的殖民地， 却已经无力重构这个系统。
Britain could still control the seas, while Japan and the United States had already developed the capability for long-range naval operations. Most people were unaware that aircraft carriers and submarines would become the main forces in controlling the seas. Facing the vast oceans, Britain was already feeling somewhat powerless and unable to see the new challenges clearly. On the European mainland, hatred between Germany and France still needed to be resolved one day, German soldiers already knew that the weapons of the next war would be airplanes and tanks, and Hitler was still working and studying in the German army. The colonial system, which had evolved into a war-spawning system due to industrialization, saw Britain with the most colonies but was no longer able to reconstruct this system.
亦卷入了世界大战的中国， 似乎还没有智力来理解真实的世界， 当然也算对得起自己愚民统治的悠久历史。 所谓乱世的中华民国 距离 伟大的中华人民共和国还有30年呢， 此时人们也想像不到： 战败的俄国保持着自己擅长的操纵东亚的能力。 苏联对中国的影响正如元朝时蒙古对南宋的征服， 相比之下，日本人在中国还应该算是在新手村。 来自北方的力量也许早已经被中国人忘记了。
China, which has also been drawn into the world war, seems not to have the intellect to understand the true nature of the world. Of course, this is in line with its long history of ruling through the ignorance of the people.
The so-called Warring States era Republic of China is still 30 years away from becoming the great People's Republic of China. At this time, no one could have imagined: Defeated Russia retained its擅长操纵东亚的能力.
The influence of the Soviet Union on China was like that of the Mongols in their conquest of Southern Song Dynasty, in contrast, Japan in China should still be considered a beginner. The power from the north may have already been forgotten by the Chinese.
四万年前，这很可能就是人们逃离非洲后所走的路线， 忘记先祖的祖国人民无法抵御来自同一方向的追杀。 在二千年的仁义教化中即没有学好数学更没有几何学意识， 找不到敌人也数不清死人。在鼎立中原的大格局中， 一百代人纷纷落入煮肉的青铜大锅中， 民国虽然只是一个临时国却也不例外。
Four万 years ago, this may have been the route that people took after fleeing Africa, forgetting their ancestral homeland, people could not withstand the pursuit from the same direction. During two thousand years of moral teachings, they did not learn mathematics or develop geometric awareness, not finding the enemy and unable to count the dead. In the grand division of Central Plains, a hundred generations fell into the large bronze cauldrons used for cooking meat, even the Beiyang Republic, although a temporary state, was no exception.
1919年， 战胜国将德国在中国山东的权力转交给日本。 5月4日， 中国知识分子和学生得知消息后开始游行抗议， 五四运动是中国文化史上的一个转折点。 然而科学和民主最终未能和中国文化融合， 儒家的懦弱让他们鼠目寸光， 未能看清自己所处的文化结构， 人们也没有走出晚清洋务运动的思想范畴。可叹的是， 后来被视为粗俗恶劣的北洋军阀当年竟然没有打杀抗议学生 ， 运动中军警是弱势和理智的一方是他们在请求学生和群众克制， 这可以说是历史对后人预留的讽刺。当年大总统是徐世昌， 他派官员道歉， 派车送学生大人们离场。 中国史上成为清天大老爷的大官很多， 这些愿意卑躬屈膝面对抗议者的官员们却泯然于众生了。
In 1919, the战胜国将德国在中国山东的权力转交给日本。
On May 4th, Chinese intellectuals and students began to protest upon learning of the news.
The May Fourth Movement was a turning point in Chinese cultural history.
However, science and democracy ultimately failed to integrate with Chinese culture.
Rujia's weakness made them shortsighted,
unable to see the structure of their own culture,
and people remained within the ideological confines of the late Qing dynasty's Self-Strengthening Movement. Sadly,
the Beiyang warlords, later seen as crude and恶劣, did not actually use force against protesting students at that time.
During the movement, it was the soldiers and police who were in a weak and rational position, asking the students and civilians to be restrained.
This could be seen as history's irony for posterity. At that time, the president was Xu Shixi,
who sent officials to apologize and dispatched vehicles to escort the adults away from the scene.
Many officials in Chinese history have been known as Qingtian dadao (old-fashioned mandarins),
but these officials willing to kowtow before protesters have faded into obscurity.
1919年11月，吴虞在《新青年》6卷6号发表《吃人与礼教》， 后来胡适称他是“只手打翻孔家店的老英雄”。
In November 1919, Wu Yushu published "Eating People and the Ritual Teachings" in Issue 6 of Volume 6 of Youth Magazine, later referred to by Hu Shi as the "old hero who single-handedly overthrew the Confucian Shop."
可是为什么中国会发展出吃人的礼教这样的怪兽呢？ 跪拜权力的行为就是重要的原因之一吧， 极权社会容不下言论的自由或者思想的自由， 早在二千多年前就把自由抛弃了， 此时还在说什么吃人的是礼教， 这是无法直视一百代祖先尽数沦为愚民的历史了。
But why did China develop a怪兽such as the ritual that leads to cannibalism? Kowtowing to power is certainly one of the important reasons. In an authoritarian society, there is no room for freedom of speech or thought, having long abandoned it more than two thousand years ago. Yet, they still speak of eating people as a part of their rituals. This is avoiding looking at history where all ancestors were reduced to mere slaves for generations.
清末民初难得有一点清醒， 社会上也就出现了自由的思想。 但是后来，孙中山投奔苏联共产党之后， 这一点清醒和自由就再次被人们亲手葬送了， 这样的历史路径也是合情合理的自洽。 行为上，跪拜权力的历史惯性无法转向。 思想上，中国人已经无法想像社会结构上如何才能有另一个顶点。
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic, there was a rare moment of clarity, which led to the emergence of free thought in society. However, after Sun Yat-sen sought refuge with the Soviet Communist Party, this moment of clarity and freedom were once again lost by the people themselves. Such historical pathways are both reasonable and internally consistent. In terms of behavior, the historical inertia of kneeling and bowing to power cannot be redirected. In terms of thought, the Chinese have already found it impossible to imagine how another apex could exist in social structure.
一战中应用了无线通讯技术， 1920年美国颁发了商业广播许可， 这一年印度数学家拉马努金患病去逝， 他以英国皇家学会外籍会员的身份留下一大本数学公式， 可是人们来不及询问他如何证明这些公式， 他是被英国数学家， 哈代， 发现的印度天才。Ramarujian, G.H. Hardy.
Wireless communication technology was applied during World War I, In 1920, the United States issued a commercial broadcasting license, That year, Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan passed away due to illness, He left behind a large notebook of mathematical formulas as an overseas member of the Royal Society, But people did not have time to ask him how he proved these formulas, He was discovered by British mathematician G.H. Hardy as an Indian genius.
1921年苏联， 乌克兰大饥荒死亡500万， 列宁拉开了大死亡的序幕。
In Soviet Union, 1921, the Ukrainian Famine claimed five million lives, and Lenin opened the curtain on great mortality.
这时候印度人甘地在印度国会工作， 他带着印度人对统治者做非暴力的抗争 ， 当时的统治者是英国殖民者。 甘地(1869-1948)被后人尊称为：圣雄， 印 度国父。 当他绝食的时候， 所有对立的政治领导都停止暴力对抗。 印度还保持着种姓传统， 低等人不能从同一口井中饮水， 这种制度恐怕是最强的暴力， 是金字塔的另一种修造方式， 以印度教教义为基础， 而甘地让所有村民在同一口井中饮水， 他用非暴力方法做到了。人们接受他的号召， 甚至愿意在混乱的世界中平和的去死。
By this time, Gandhi was working in the Indian Parliament, bringing non-violent resistance by Indians against rulers. The then rulers were British colonizers.
Gandhi (1869-1948) is posthumously known as the Father of the Nation and the Great Soul in India. When he went on hunger strikes, all opposing political leaders ceased violent confrontation. India still maintained caste traditions; lower castes could not draw water from the same well as higher castes, a system that likely constituted some of the strongest violence, another way to build a pyramid, based on Hindu teachings. Gandhi ensured all villagers drew water from the same well using non-violent methods. People responded to his call and were willing to die peacefully in an chaotic world.
Dalit, Harijan, Scheduled Castes.
Dalit, Harijan, Scheduled Castes.
在之后的三十年里， 原英属殖民地将分解为独立的印度、 巴勒斯坦、孟加拉 、缅甸、尼泊尔、 布旦， 在宗教政治和军事的冲突很容易发生的现实中坚持非暴力是一种超越宗教信仰的主张， 一种荒诞的人类现实。
In the following thirty years,
the former British colonies would decompose into independent India,
Palestine, Bengal, Myanmar, Nepal, and Bhutan.
Maintaining nonviolence as a transcendent assertion in the face of religious, political, and military conflicts was a荒诞的人类现实.
an absurd human reality.
印度的贱民是四大种姓之下的存在， 比奴隶更贱， 是贱到不可接触的一些人， Dalits。 印度教确实有这样的层级概念， 贱民占印度人口的16%， 绝不是什么遥远村落里的稀有人种。
The Dalits in India are beings below the four castes, even更低贱 than slaves, people who are so low as to be considered untouchable. Hinduism indeed has such hierarchical concepts; Dalits make up 16% of the Indian population, far from being rare individuals in distant villages.
此时本书已经发现了自己严重的错误， 最初我们希望以严格的科学和简明的历史相加， 然后一笔把整个人类世界的前生往世的轮廓画出来。 这种企图可能错在根上， 事情不是这个样子， 人类的世界中有许多生和死连在了一起， 少数英雄人物的故事不能代表其它错综复杂的生命， 多数人是默默无闻的走过了 一生。然而， 每一个生命都有自已的故事 ， 每一个事件都可以细化到更多细节， 将因果关系变得更为复杂。 我们不愿意轻视任何一个生命， 结果却是无数的生命孤独的来了又走了， 让我们来不及结识和记录。 也许只有找到时间广场， 才有可能重新追回他们的故事， 因为时间广场记录了时间中的所有细节。
Currently, this book has discovered its serious errors. Initially, we hoped to combine rigorous science and concise history, and then sketch out the outline of the human world's past and present in one stroke. This attempt may be flawed at its core; things are not like that. In the human world, there are many lives intertwined with birth and death, the stories of a few heroic figures cannot represent other complex lives, most people live and pass by anonymously. However, every life has its own story, each event can be refined into more details, making causal relationships more intricate. We do not want to undervalue any life, yet the result is that countless lives come and go alone, leaving us no time to get acquainted with and record them. Perhaps only by finding the Time Square can we possibly reclaim their stories, as the Time Square records all the details of time.
1922 年，爱因斯坦 路过上海停留了 3 天， 他看到中国人在污秽恶臭的环境中麻木生活的样子之后， 他在日记中写到： ... 如果中国人取代了其他种族， 那就太可惜了。 对于像我们这样的人来说， 仅仅这样设想一下就感觉到无法承受的压抑。...
In 1922, Einstein stopped over in Shanghai for three days. After seeing the Chinese people living numbly in a filthy and stinking environment, he wrote in his diary: ... If the Chinese were to replace other races, that would be a pity. For us, just imagining such a scenario feels unbearable pressure....
就是在上海的时候碰巧他收到了自己获得诺贝尔奖的消息。
It was just in Shanghai that he received the news of his winning the Nobel Prize.
1923年孙中山和苏联外交部副部长， 越飞， 发表共同宣言。 国民党接受苏联共产党的援助开始筹划北伐战争， 这是引狼入室。这也是孙中山对北洋军阀绝望后的选择， 历史确实是被伟人拖向了现实。 共产党开始在中国扩张， 蒋介石去苏联学习后回来组建黄埔军校， 这是国共两党的军校， 党与军从此成为主宰中国的主旋律。 在近代史中，拥有军队的党几乎都是暴政的主角。
In 1923, Sun Yat-sen and the deputy minister of the Soviet Foreign Ministry, Voitovitch, issued a joint declaration.
The Nationalist Party accepted assistance from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to plan the Northern Expedition, which was tantamount to inviting wolves into one's home. This was also Sun Yat-sen's choice after his despair with the Beiyang warlords; history indeed dragged the great men toward reality. The Communists began expanding in China. After visiting the Soviet Union to study, Chiang Kai-shek returned to establish the Whampoa Military Academy, which was a military school for both the KMT and the CPC. From then on, the party and the army became the main melody that ruled China.
In modern history, parties with their own armies were almost always the protagonists of tyranny.
孙中山的历史功绩是救国救民的宏图伟业， 这也是国共两党少有的共识。 他明显不理解自由，不懂得权力制衡的社会机制。 他把三权分立中的三权画蛇添足地扩展成为五权， 他选择了红色苏联，为国民党发展了一支军队， 同时允许共产党在国民党肚子里孕育， 后来斯大林推动国共两党成为中国的列宁党， 这些选择都造成尸山血海，在古老的极权金字塔上制造了一场大血祭， 孙中山的这些伟业都显示他的思想不比袁世凯和北洋军阀们更高尚。
Sun Yat-sen's historical achievements were grand endeavors for the salvation of his country and its people, which is also an uncommon consensus between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. He clearly did not understand freedom and did not comprehend the mechanisms of power checks and balances in a society. He expanded the three powers of separation into five, adding unnecessary elements to the tripartite system. He chose the红色苏联 (red Soviet Union), developing an army for the Kuomintang, and simultaneously allowed the Communist Party to grow within the Kuomintang like a fetus. Later, Stalin pushed both parties in China towards becoming Leninist parties, all of these choices resulting in oceans of blood and creating a great human sacrifice on the ancient totalitarian pyramid. Sun Yat-sen's these achievements show that his thoughts were no higher than those of Yuan Shikai and the Beiyang warlords.
开始准备北伐的国民党已经转变了基因， 此时斯大林 尚在 列宁之下，尚未成为苏联最高权力者， 孙中山也许是被列宁的梅毒思想感染了， 接受 苏共和共产国际 改造的国民党 同时兼职做了 中共的奶妈， 国民党 在历史上的直接杀人记录 低于中共， 但是将 中国史 推回 集权深渊的力量之一却分明是来自于 国父 投入列宁怀抱的纵情一跃。 孙中山的 三民主义 和五权分立 早已经说明他不理解当代文明， 可是 黄浦学生军 击败 广东 陈炯明 时， 人们还不知道这支胜利的革命军的将士们 正在以 远逊于 陈炯明的低劣见识 涂抹掉民国积攒的启蒙烛光。
The Kuomintang, which had already transformed its genetic code in preparation for the Northern Expedition, was at this time under Stalin and still beneath Lenin in terms of Soviet power hierarchy.
Perhaps Sun Yat-sen was infected by Lenin's syphilis ideology, and the Kuomintang, undergoing transformation by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Comintern, simultaneously served as a wet nurse for the CPC. The Kuomintang has a lower direct killing record in history compared to the CPC, but one of the forces that pushed Chinese history back into the abyss of centralized power can clearly be attributed to Sun Yat-sen's enthusiastic leap into Lenin's embrace.
Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People and Five-Power Constitution had already shown that he did not understand contemporary civilization. However, when the Huaihu Military Academy students defeated Chen Jiongming in Guangdong, people were unaware that these victorious revolutionaries were already using their inferior见识 (understanding) compared to Chen Jiongming to extinguish the Enlightenment light accumulated by the Republic of China.
1924年日本人 Kenjiro Takayanagi 用阴极射线管CRT研发电视设备， 他做到了100行的分辨率。
In 1924, Japanese person Kenjiro Takayanagi developed television equipment using a cathode-ray tube (CRT) and achieved a resolution of 100 lines.
孙中山在1925年去世， 蒋介石接手国民党军队。 第二年夏天从广州发动北伐战争， 一路势如破竹， 9月攻取武昌， 11月占领南昌， 12月进占福州， 1927年 3月进入上海、南京， 这样北伐军走完了当年太平天国北进的路线。 而在北方， 北洋军阀在袁世凯死后一直争斗不止。 北伐军进入南京是发生了外国人被残忍袭击的事件。 4月， 蒋介石在南京成立国民政府 ， 然后开始清党， 第一次国共合作结束， 从此国民党和共产党的对杀成为中国历史剧的主要线索之一。 8月1日， 共产党领导南昌起义。
Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, and Chiang Kai-shek took over the Kuomintang army. The Northern Expedition was launched from Guangzhou in the summer of the following year, advancing with overwhelming success. In September, they seized Wuchang; in November, Nanjing; and by December, Fuzhou. By March 1927, they had entered Shanghai and Nanjing. Thus, the northern expeditionary force completed the route that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had advanced on previously. Meanwhile, in the north, the Beiyang warlords continued to fight among themselves after Yuan Shikai’s death. The entry of the Northern Expeditionary Force into Nanjing was marked by incidents where foreigners were brutally attacked. In April, Chiang Kai-shek established the Nationalist Government in Nanjing and began purging communists, ending the first collaboration between the Kuomintang and the Communists, and making the confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party one of the main threads of Chinese history thereafter. On August 1st, the Communist Party led the Nanchang Uprising.
国共分裂后， 1927年毛泽东组织秋收起义， 带领红军进入井冈山。 据说苏联为中国红军准备了可以攻占城市的武器， 可能是适合用来压制国军的大炮， 也可能是其它战斗方法。 但是没有后文， 如果有原因也早就被湮灭了， 可能是快递弄丢了， 收货人收不到， 或者中共不懂如何组装使用。总之， 苏联专家要求中共迅速进攻城市的计划失败了， 农村包围城市成为毛泽东战略思想上的伟大奇迹。后来， 国民党组织几次围剿后， 34年10月毛红军被迫战略大转移， 经过江西、贵 州、四川西部、青海等14个省， 36年10月到达甘肃会宁， 然后进入陕北， 和当地苏区军队一起面对张学良和阎锡山的剿匪队伍， 就这样走完了二万五千里长征， 前去抗日， 那里根本不是日军进攻的主要方向。 长征路线后的抗日主张也可以算是曲线救国。 在整个长征期间， 蒋介石的儿子蒋经国都还被苏联扣留着， 而蒋介石的国民党军队一路尾随红军进入了四川。 后来西安事变共产党后和国民党说好不再剿共， 37年4月斯大林才放蒋经国回中国， 一共让这位后来的台湾总统 在苏联生活了12年。
After the split between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC), in 1927, Mao Zedong organized the Autumn Harvest Uprising and led the Red Army to Jinggangshan.
It is said that the Soviet Union prepared weapons for the Chinese Red Army, which could be used to capture cities, possibly heavy artillery suitable for suppressing the KMT forces, or other combat methods. However, there was no follow-up, and if there were reasons, they would have been long forgotten, perhaps due to lost mail, non-delivery of goods to the recipient, or the CPC's lack of knowledge on how to assemble and use them. In any case, the plan for Soviet experts to urge the CPC to quickly launch an urban offensive failed.
The rural encirclement of cities became Mao Zedong’s great strategic miracle in his ideological thinking. Later, after KMT organized several campaigns against the Red Army, in October 1934, Mao's Red Army was forced to undertake a strategic large-scale transfer. They traversed through 14 provinces: Jiangxi, Guizhou, western Sichuan, Qinghai, and others, reaching Huining, Gansu, by October 1936. Then they entered Shaanbei and faced the bandit suppression forces led by Zhang Xueliang and Yan Xishan alongside local Soviet area armies. Thus, they completed the Long March of 25,000 li (about 15,000 miles), heading for the front to fight against the Japanese, who were not primarily targeting that direction.
The anti-Japanese assertions after the Long March can also be considered a circuitous path towards national salvation. Throughout the entire Long March period, Chiang Kai-shek’s son, Jiang Jingguo, was still being detained by the Soviet Union, while KMT forces followed the Red Army into Sichuan. Later, during the Xi’an Incident, after agreements were reached between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang not to suppress each other, Stalin did not release Jiang Jinguo back to China until April 1937, keeping him in the Soviet Union for a total of 12 years, which was eventually his tenure as the President of Taiwan.
1928年英国人弗莱明发现青霉素， 他不善于沟通， 没有说服自己的同事为青霉素做更多研究， 当时人们不知道如何大量提纯这种抗生素， 距离成药应用还需要相当多的努力。 我们仍然不知道科学是不是宗教， 学术机构和宗教组织完全不同。 但是人们戏称这些发明家是技术的传教士， 他们用发明做为福音传给人们。
In 1928, Fleming, a British man, discovered penicillin. He was not skilled in communication and failed to convince his colleagues to do more research on it. At the time, people did not know how to extract this antibiotic in large quantities, and significant efforts were still needed before it could be applied as a drug. We still do not know if science is a religion; academic institutions and religious organizations are completely different. But people jokingly refer to these inventors as missionaries of technology, spreading their inventions as a gospel to the people.
如果那些能够完成技术发明的人同时能够具备令人欣赏的品格， 我们也许可以称他们为圣人了。然而， 善于研究学术的人可能带有天生的兴趣缺陷， 做为普通人， 谁愿意在酒吧里思考抗生素破坏细胞壁的原理？ 陷入这种问题的人也许连小猪和小鸡的笑话都听不懂。
If those who can achieve technical inventions also possess admirable qualities, we might call them saints. However, people skilled in academic research may have inherent interests that differ, and as ordinary individuals, who would want to ponder the principle by which antibiotics destroy cell walls in a bar? Those陷入 such problems might not even understand puns about little pigs and chickens.
小猪说：我妈妈心情好的时候喊我：小猪猪。 小鸡说：我妈妈心情好的时候喊我：小鸡鸡？！
Piglet said: When my mom is in a good mood, she calls me Little Piggy. Chicken said: When my mom is in a good mood, she calls me Little Chick?!
Penicillin discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming, 1928
Penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928.
1928年， 中国北方饥荒饿死300万人， 此时出身东北的张作霖是北洋政府的大元帅， 行使大总统权力。
In 1928, a famine in Northern China resulted in the deaths of three million people. By this time, Zhang Zuolin, who came from Northeast China, was the Grand Marshal of the Beiyang Government and exercised presidential powers.
28年2月蒋介石组织继续北伐， 5月到达济南， 遭遇日本军队， 被迫离开， 日军在济南屠杀军民， 国军绕道德州北进， 6月到了北京。 6月4日张作霖离开北京返回沈阳时列车被炸， 简体中文里一般认为是日本军人炸的， 但是也有说法是苏联特务干的。 12月， 张作霖的儿子张学良带领东北军变更旗帜， 取下北洋政府五色旗， 挂上民国政府青天白日旗， 称为东北易帜。北伐大业完成， 直到此时国民党才算是开始管理中国， 而中华民国的日历早从1912年就开始计算了， 现在是民国17年。
In February 1928, Chiang Kai-shek organized further northward advances. By May, they reached Jinan but faced Japanese troops, forcing them to retreat. The Japanese killed civilians and military personnel in Jinan. The Nationalist Army avoided Deyou and advanced northward. In June, they arrived at Beijing. On June 4, the train carrying Zhang Zuolin was destroyed when it approached Beiping (now Beijing), killing him and his family.
1929年美国生产了440万部汽车， 一共拥有2600万部车， 足以让所有美国人同时坐在车上， 拥有一部车不再是富人的特权。此时禁酒令已经持续近十年了， 私酒行业是台面下的一个大生意， 吸引一大批原来守法的人进入这个行业。 有酒精或者没有酒精， 理想社会或者现实社会， 在一战后的景气中， 人们还不知道一个巨大的经济萧条就要来了。
These events marked the effective end of the Northern Expedition and the establishment of Chiang Kai-shek's control over much of China.
在历史书中做一个预言当然是一件搞笑的行为， 但是如果无法体会当时人们的心态， 也就无法让历史为人们提供借鉴， 这样缺少同理心的人是无法把握真实的历史的。
The passage about the compensation army event is omitted as it does not fit the context.
同一年，意大利部队配发了迷彩服。 工业化的战争中军人不再愿意清楚的标注自己的位置， 德军和苏军随后也开始采用迷彩军服， 美军则是在1942年二战中首次使用这种服装， 麦克阿瑟将军为他的海军陆战队订购了15万件青蛙皮。
In the same year, Italian forces were issued with camouflage uniforms. During the industrialized war, soldiers were no longer willing to clearly mark their positions, so German and Soviet troops began using camouflaged military uniforms subsequently, while the US Army first used this type of clothing in World War II in 1942, General MacArthur ordered 150,000 pieces of frogskin for his Marine Corps.
30年5月中原军阀同蒋介石矛盾爆发， 开始中原大战， 这一战又称蒋冯阎李大战， 是蒋介石、冯玉祥、阎锡山、李宗仁四方的混战， 各方参战兵力过百万， 此战初期东北军观战， 后期出兵拥护蒋介石国民党南京政府， 30年11月大战结束。相比张学良的东北军， 日本军队在东北的军力更强， 东北军更是放空了东北防御。 就这样国民党完成了同北洋军阀的权力交接， 过程混乱， 结果更是乱糟糟， 中国如同一片沼泽地， 国民党从来也没有能够统治全中国， 仅仅在中国东部沿海有较直接的影响力， 其它省份还没有开始听取中央命令。
In May of the 30th year, conflicts erupted between warlords in Central China and Chiang Kai-shek, marking the beginning of the Central Plains War. This war was also known as the War among Chiang, Feng, Yan, and Li. It involved a chaotic conflict between Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, and Li Zongren. Over one million troops from all sides participated in this battle. Initially, the Northeast Army remained neutral as observers, but later they joined forces to support Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Government of Nanjing. The war ended in November of the 30th year. Compared to Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army, the Japanese military had a stronger presence in Northeast China, leaving the Northeast defenses virtually abandoned. In this way, the Nationalists completed their transition of power from the Beiyang Warlords, which was chaotic and disorderly. The situation in China resembled a swamp. The Nationalists never managed to fully rule over all of China, exerting significant influence only in the eastern coastal regions, while other provinces were still not under central command.
清末的中国已经是四面漏风， 辛亥革命后头几年是北洋政府袁世凯执政。 当国民党终于得到中央政权时， 不仅有亚洲强国日本在中国驻军， 北方还和庞大的苏联接壤， 民国的处境实际上相当艰难。
At the end of the Qing dynasty, China was already in a precarious state, with the early years after the Xinhai Revolution seeing the rule of the Beiyang Government under Yuan Shikai. When the Kuomintang finally gained control of central power, not only did it have powerful Japan stationed within its territory, but the north also bordered on the vast Soviet Union. The situation of the Republic of China was actually quite difficult.
31年日军发动9-18事件， 东北军不战而逃， 日军在3个月内占领东三省然后开始着手组建满洲国。 33年日军进攻民国热河省， 就是今天锦州、朝阳、 承德、 赤峰直到锡林郭勒盟一线， 东北军抗战不利， 张学良辞职出国， 回来后担当剿共职务， 参与围剿共产党。 34年井冈山红军在遭受围剿后战略转移开始长征。 35年秋， 东北军调入西北同陕北红军作战， 被击败。 刘志丹在陕甘边区有22个县的根据地。 35年9月红军长征部队与陕甘边区刘志丹红军会师。 36年12月， 张学良亲自坐飞机去洛阳， 他把蒋介石接到西安处理军务， 当月12日， 学良带兵劫持了老蒋， 这次西安事变把很多中国人给搞糊涂了， 但是最终和平解决。学良又上飞机把介石送出西安， 三十年前才发明的飞机， 周恩来追到机场， 学良却再也不回来了， 终身接受蒋介石的软禁， 这位军二代在糊涂而且逆反的青春期之后终于认定了蒋介石做 他的监管人。 事变后共产党安居延安， 蒋介石不再推动剿共大计， 他的名言倒也算是应验了： 攘外必先安内。
On the pyramid, it's hard for people to tell the truth to each other.
在三十年代中， 全球经济陷入大萧条。 美国和欧洲各个国家都是饥饿的工 人和农民。 好日子如果有现在忽然结束了。黑人认为自己在美国受到伤害， 犹太人在欧洲处境艰难。福特汽车厂停止了生产， 美国失业率超过25%， 饥饿的人们排队领取救济， 在街头喝粥， 人们弹着忧伤的吉他哼唱：
In the 1930s, the global economy fell into the Great Depression. Americans and workers in various European countries were hungry farmers and workers. If good times had suddenly ended, blacks believed they were harmed in America, and Jews found themselves struggling in Europe. Ford Motor Company ceased production, with unemployment rates over 25% in the United States, hungry people queued for relief, drinking soup on the streets, and people strummed sad guitars and sang:
他们让我们喝粥， 他们让我们喝粥...
They made us drink porridge, they made us drink porridge...
这是一个冷酷的国家， 失业者流落街头， 没人关注。 没有一间房子， 没有一张床。 抱着一把破吉它， 在街头歌唱也没有人听。
This is a cold country, where unemployed people wander on the streets, and no one cares.
No house to stay in, no bed to lie on.
Holding a broken guitar, singing on the street, but no one listens.
这时候在中国乡下， 人们时常可以混得温饱， 云开日出， 灿烂的阳光落在土布袍也显得温暖， 此时被一些学者称为民国的黄金年代。
In the countryside of China at this time, people often managed to get by with enough food and clothing. The sun shone brightly after a clear sky, its warm rays falling on the plain cotton robes. This period was referred to by some scholars as the golden age of the Republic of China.
当时(1932-7月)在美国白宫外， 一万七千名一战老兵集会要求提前发放服役补偿， 他们搭了帐篷住下拒绝离开， 被称为补偿军（Bonus Army） 三位现役军官擅自带兵冲向老兵， 当火光点燃夜空， 罗斯福说：胡夫完了。 现任总统胡夫什么都没说。 他前不久刚给老兵们送去了军粮、军毯、军用帐篷和军用炊事车。 事件仅仅造成二名老兵死亡， 并不是被军人打死的， 而是被警察用左轮手枪击毙的， 军人主要使用刺刀和催泪瓦斯驱散老兵。 事后， 罗斯福当选总统， 三位军官在二战中都成为总统的爱将： 麦克阿瑟(太平洋战场) 、 艾森豪威尔(欧洲战场)、巴顿(北非战场)。
From 1932 to 1933, a massive famine occurred in Ukraine during the Soviet era. Approximately 2.4 million to 4 million people died due to this famine, which some believed was intentionally caused by Stalin as a form of genocide against Ukrainians and Kazakhs.
(说一句题外话， 很久很久以后有一位台湾所谓李大学者， 曾经把补偿军事件和1989年64天安门事件相提并论， 并且说明中国共产党的屠杀合理， 历史学者竟然数不清差别巨大的死人数目， 令人百思不解。)
(To be honest, a so-called Li University scholar from Taiwan once compared the Compensation Army incident with the June Fourth Tiananmen Incident in 1989, and even claimed that the slaughter by the Communist Party of China was reasonable. It is baffling that historians cannot count the vastly different numbers of deaths.)
罗斯福是在历史上做出杰出贡献的美国总统， 他不仅在后来指挥了美军打赢了 第二 次世界大战， 而且他当时对付经济大萧条的许多政策成为经济学研究的典范。 他的一系列政策顺利让美国走出远比参与一战更伤害美国国民的大萧条， 这些政策被称为新政， 包括上任不久就取消了的禁酒令。在美国总统中， 他的历史地位接近华盛顿和林肯。 美国政府得到了调节宏观经济的权力， 在社会主义国家这个权力是生来就有的。 在美国 政治中社会主义是一个黑色的词汇， SOCialism。 一名美国政客和这个词 联系在一起远比一名将军和 SOB 联系在一起更危险。 实际上， 从社会的角度来说， 只要能够维持言论自由， 人们就可以得到机会保持理智。 自由言论相当于社会中针对人性罪恶的抗生素。
Roosevelt was an outstanding US president who made significant contributions in history. Not only did he later command the U.S. military to win World War II, but his many policies at the time for dealing with the Great Depression became a model for economic research.
His series of policies successfully led the United States out of the Great Depression that was far more damaging to American citizens than even World War I. These policies are known as the New Deal, which included the repeal of Prohibition shortly after his inauguration. In terms of historical status among U.S. presidents, his standing is close to Washington and Lincoln.
The U.S. government obtained the power to regulate the macroeconomy. In socialist countries, this power was inherent from the start. In American politics, socialism is a black word, SOciALISM. A politician being associated with it is far more dangerous than a general being linked to SOB.
From a social perspective, as long as freedom of speech can be maintained, people will have opportunities to remain rational. Free speech acts like an antibiotic against the sins of humanity in society.
神话传说中，在大洪水之后人们想要修建高达天堂的高塔， 这就是 巴比伦塔。 修到一半的时候， 天上的神已经看到了这座塔， 他立刻诱使人们开始讲不同的语言， 比如英语、汉语、阿拉伯语、巴比伦语、苏美尔语... 然后人们再无法相互听懂对方的想法， 也无法合作修好巴比伦塔， 然后人们四散到世界各地了。
In myths and legends, after the great flood, people wanted to build a tower reaching up to heaven, which is known as the Tower of Babel. Construction was halfway done when the gods in heaven had already seen this tower. They immediately caused people to start speaking different languages, such as English, Chinese, Arabic, Babylonian, Sumerian... Then people could no longer understand each other’s thoughts, and could not cooperate to finish the Tower of Babel. Thus, people dispersed all over the world.
人类史中语言是重要的因素， 猩猩的语言无法保持人类的逻辑， 但是它们禁止人类使用原本应该正常的语言， 这就是修建另一座塔的方法， 这就是通向地狱的金字塔。
In the history of humanity, language is an important factor, chimpanzees' language cannot maintain human logic, but they prohibit humans from using what should be normal language, this is how another tower is built, this is how the pyramid to hell is constructed.
金字塔上人类是很难相互讲述真相的。
It's difficult for humans to convey the truth to each other on the pyramids.
回到罗斯福任总统时的美国， 据说罗斯福是一个出身高贵难以接近、 遭受病痛难于站立却宽容待人的人， 当时的白宫厨师手艺出名的差， 差到让人深刻体会美国史上最差的大萧条， 而总统却一直忍受这样的食物直到在第四个任期上去世， 这是一个难于打破的记录， 后来他去世的时候二战未结束可是结局已经很明了了。
During the time of the United States under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it is said that Roosevelt was a man from an aristocratic background who was difficult to approach and struggled with illness, making it hard for him to stand, yet he was known for his宽容待人. The White House chef at the time was notorious for his poor cooking skills, so bad that they made people acutely aware of the Great Depression, and President Roosevelt endured such food throughout his fourth term until his death. This was a difficult record to surpass, and when he passed away, World War II had not yet ended, but its outcome was already clear.
那名厨师的名字是： Nesbitt. 中文发音是：那是逼他。
The name of the chef is Nesbitt. The Chinese pronunciation is: 那是逼他.
罗斯福对美国人做了30几次炉边谈话， 这是一个广播节目， 他以一个家长的身份在温暖的壁炉旁谈论美国的问题和解决方法， 罗斯福以这种方式沟通了大量的美国人。 他们中最幸福的一些可以真的在壁炉旁收听， 而没有钱把收音机买回家的人就在商店里， 或者在街边和人们围着一部打开车门的汽车收音机收听。 之后， 一部分谈话内容可能变成白宫的工作， 另一部分可能送去国会进入立法程序。
Roosevelt gave Americans more than 30 Fireside Chats, which were radio broadcasts, where he spoke about America's issues and solutions from the warmth of a fireplace, communicating with a large number of Americans in this way. Some of the happiest among them could truly listen by the fireplace, while those who couldn't afford to buy a radio listened at stores or on car radios by the street. Afterwards, some of the chats might become work at the White House, and others might be sent to Congress for legislative procedures.
这些录音仍然保留在互联网上。二战中美国口音比较硬， 好像英语中的方言 ， 二战后美国口音开始变软， 在黑人民权运动后， 再次变硬了一些， 但是总的来说发音柔和多了。英国口音保持了硬度， 如果认真听一下， 就会发现英国口音仍然甘心的跟随着女王的口气。
These recordings are still preserved on the internet. During World War II, American accents were rather strong, almost like dialects in English. After World War II, American accents began to soften, and they became harder again after the Civil Rights Movement for Black people. However, overall, the pronunciation has become much softer. British accents have remained hard. If you pay close attention, you will find that British accents still follow the Queen's tone rather willingly.
1932-33年， 当时苏联的乌克兰大饥荒， 2.4-4 百万人死亡。 这可能是斯大林故意制造的种族屠杀， 乌克兰和哈萨克人大规模的饿死。
In 1932-33, during the Soviet famine in Ukraine, 2.4 to 4 million people died. This may have been a deliberate genocide by Stalin, resulting in large-scale starvation of Ukrainians and Kazakhs.
1933年希特勒成为总理， 他是个演说家， 言出法随， 德国迅速恢复了纪律， 纳粹党推行法西斯主义， 就是集权、镇压反动派、军事化管理， 党国和军国高于一切， 国家解决一切问题， 党国享受一切荣耀... 这不就是社会主义吗？ 这不就是共产党要干的事情吗？ 而且纳粹是言行如一的。
In 1933, Hitler became Chancellor. He was a speaker who acted on his words, Germany quickly restored discipline, and the Nazi Party promoted fascism, which means centralization of power, suppression of opposition, militarized management; the party-state and military-state were above everything else, the state solved all problems, the party-state enjoyed all honors... Isn't that socialism? Isn't that what the Communist Party is supposed to do? And the Nazis were consistent in their actions.
世界大战的停战很快结束， 撕毁一战后的凡尔塞条约时， 英法却都还在休息和软弱中。 38年德国占领奥地利， 39年3月占领捷克斯洛伐克， 8月与苏联签订互不侵犯条约， 两国都在大力宣传爱国主义， 这种宣传毫无疑问的就是死亡进行曲， 39年9月德军闪电进攻波兰。
The ceasefire of the world war ended swiftly, with Britain and France still resting and weak when they撕毁ed the Versailles Treaty after World War I. In 1938, Germany annexed Austria; in March 1939, it occupied Czechoslovakia; in August, it signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union. Both nations were vigorously promoting nationalism, which could undoubtedly be seen as funeral marches. On September 1, 1939, German forces launched a lightning attack on Poland.
因为纳粹的兴起， 对于德国历史上出现的哲学家， 我们希望亚洲的人们慎重崇拜。 当德国人以一串哲学家的名字占领思想界后， 他们不仅搞出了纳粹，而且帮助共产党诞生。 纳粹喜欢尼采的思想，虽然此时尼采去逝近三十几年了。
Because of the rise of Nazism, we hope that Asian people will approach the philosophers in German history with caution. After Germans took over the intellectual world with a string of philosopher’s names, they not only produced Nazism but also helped bring about communism. The Nazis admired Nietzsche’s ideas, even though it had been nearly thirty years since his death.
对于人类中必然出现的超人， 或者自以为能够成为超人的幻觉， 尼采全部的哲学思想在一名车夫和一匹马的眼前崩溃了。
For the supermen inevitably present among humans, or for those who delude themselves into thinking they can become supermen, Nietzsche’s entire philosophical thought collapsed before a coachman and his horse.
亚洲是更为残酷的战场， 战场上人们更多的使用冷兵器。 悠久的历史积累的也许不是温情， 而是世仇。
Asia is a harsher battlefield, where people predominantly use cold weapons. Long-standing history may not accumulate warmth, but rather世代仇敌.
当我们推回镜头一百年、一千年去观察历史， 文字史记录的时间早已经超过了一个人的一生在时间上能够走过的距离。 可是为什么镜头总是对焦在少数几个人和少数几个历史事件上？ 这些镜头一定有问题。继续向前推， 直到一万年、十万年之前， 我们发现的所谓远古只是一些化石引起的猜想。 按照人们对时间和空间的理解， 人类的血液就是从这个时候流传下来的， 遗传信息穿透历史传递下来， 就是从这几块化石代表的物种一直流到每个人体内。
When we push the lens back a hundred or a thousand years to observe history, the time recorded in written history has long surpassed the distance one person can traverse in their lifetime. But why does the lens always focus on a few individuals and a few historical events? There must be something wrong with these lenses. Continuing to push forward, until ten thousand or one hundred thousand years ago, what we discover as ancient times are just conjectures based on some fossils. According to people's understanding of time and space, human blood has flowed from this point in time, genetic information passing through history, flowing continuously from the species represented by these few fossils into every person's body.
如果时空按照我们理解的方式存在的话。 被杀掉的人是不是在今后的时空中再也无法出现。 希特勒是西方的魔鬼， 但是如果读者真得可以亲眼看看他， 在中国人的很多标准中， 他纯洁得如同天使， 尤其是如果他有幸和蒋介石、毛泽东坐在一起的话。
If time and space exist as we understand them, would the person who is killed no longer appear in future timelines? Hitler was a devil to the West, but if readers could truly see him with their own eyes, according to many Chinese standards, he would be pure like an angel, especially if he were fortunate enough to sit together with Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong.
中国当时受大萧条影响较小， 也许是因为中国流通货币以银元为准， 仍然在流通的袁大头 银元成色相当不错， 这段被称为黄金十年的时间其实也是有点惨淡。
China was less affected by the Great Depression, perhaps because China's circulating currency was based on silver dollars, and the袁大头silver dollars still in circulation had fairly good fineness. This period, known as the Golden Decade, was actually somewhat bleak.
日本人总是在恰当的时机出现在中国大陆， 明末的倭寇， 清末的甲武海战都带来扭转中国朝廷命运的效果， 这一次也是让民国遗恨。
The Japanese always appeared at the right moment in mainland China, with the倭寇during the late Ming Dynasty bringing about effects that changed the fate of the Chinese court, the甲午海战in the late Qing Dynasty also brought about results that altered the course of Chinese history, and this time it has left a遗憾to the Republic of China.
此时， 我们早已进入了历史中最后的百年， 这从来都是更危险的研究区间， 也是老实人可以不说老实话的时间段。 袁世凯和蒋介石先后成为中国权力拥有者， 这两人也是大量史书中臭名昭著的角色， 然而相比他们俩前前后后的统治者们， 这两位在制造大量死亡的时候确实还算克制。
At this time, we have already entered the last century of history, which has always been a more dangerous research period, and also a time when honest people can say not-so-honest things. Yuan Shikai and Chiang Kai-shek successively became holders of Chinese power, these two were notorious figures in numerous historical texts. However, compared to their predecessors and successors who ruled before and after them, these two did exercise some restraint in causing large-scale deaths.
日本在1931年占领中国东北之后， 军人集团的意志凌驾在文官集团之上， 32年1月28日进攻上海， 33年攻入长城山海关， （34年10月-36年10月红军长 征， 36年12月西安事变） 37 年7月卢沟桥事件后日军攻入北平、天津， 8月在上海国军顽强的打了三个月的淞沪会战， 日军是渐次增兵上海的， 实际上无法确认在上海开战是不是对国军国民党更有利， 日军拥有完全的制海权。 9月太原会战， 当年 11月日军攻入民国首都南京， 屠杀平民， 数量估计从4 万到30万， 至今没有公认的更准确的数字。 史称南京大屠杀。次年， 38年2月徐州会战， 国军节节后退， 6月9日蒋介石在花园口炸开黄河， 试图以黄河之水阻挡日军 ， 他也是要疯狂了。8月武汉会战， 10 月， 日军登陆广东， 国民党迁都重 庆。
After Japan occupied Northeast China in 1931,
the military clique's will overrode that of the civilian administration.
On January 28, 1932, they attacked Shanghai; by 1933, they had entered the Great Wall and Jinsha Pass.
(From October 1934 to October 1936, the Red Army underwent the Long March; in December 1936, there was the Xi'an Incident)
In July 1937, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Japanese invaded Beijing and Tianjin. In August, the Nationalist army fought for three months during the Battle of Shanghai, with the Japanese gradually increasing their troop numbers.
It is actually impossible to confirm whether an initial attack on the Nationalist forces in Shanghai was more advantageous.
The Japanese possessed complete control over the seas. In September, there was the Battle of Taiyuan.
In November of that year, the Japanese invaded the capital of the Republic of China, Nanjing, where they carried out massacres against civilians.
Estimates range from 40,000 to 300,000 deaths; no more accurate figures are generally recognized today.
This is known as the Nanjing Massacre. The following year,
in February 1938, there was the Battle of Xuzhou where the Nationalist army gradually retreated.
On June 9, 1938, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the breach of the Yellow River dyke at Huayugou in an attempt to use the river water to block the Japanese advance.
By August, there was the Battle of Wuhan.
In October, the Japanese landed in Guangdong, and the Kuomintang government relocated its capital to Chongqing.
而北伐胜利后至此， 中国短暂的恢复建设时期就已经结束了， 这一段时间就是民国的中国在国民党手中最美好的一段日子， 镀金的岁月。字幕提示： 抗日战争还要打8年， 史称：八年抗战。 那么什么时候开始抗日的？ 西安事变？ 也就是说东北白白丢了6年， 中国史可以写的更白痴一些吗？
Since the victory of the Northern Expedition up until this point, China's brief period of restoring construction had already come to an end. This period was the most glorious time for the Republic of China under the Kuomintang’s control, the gilded age. Subtitle提示: The War of Resistance Against Japan would last for eight more years, as historically referred to as the "Eight-Year War of Resistance." So when did the resistance against Japan begin? After the Xi'an Incident? This means that Northeast China was lost in vain for six years. Could Chinese history be written even more foolishly?
这个问题本身就是个切鸡巴的陷阱， 谁说猩猩不懂政治？ 那些敢说八年抗战的八年像是白痴算术的人下场很惨， 比手术切除鸡巴还惨。 而八年抗战竟然是中共官方长期宣传成为成语的四个字， 好吧， 说起日军侵略中国被中共打得屁滚尿流的事情就是：八年抗战。
This question itself is a fucking trap, who said chimpanzees don't understand politics? Those who dare to say that the eight-year resistance war sounds like foolish arithmetic met a very grim fate, worse than having their dicks surgically removed. And it turns out that the four characters "eight-year resistance" have been long-promoted by the CCP as an idiom. Well, when it comes to how the Japanese army invaded China and was beaten to shit by the CCP, it's called: eight-year resistance.
在中文语境中领导总是对的。
In the context of Chinese, leaders are always right.
如果说猩猩可以学到人类逻辑思维的方法就是高估猩猩的智商了， 但是爬上金字塔的猩猩不需要这个智商，它们只需要有嗅觉本能， 当它们用鼻子闻到人类逻辑的味道， 它们就知道自己发现了至少一只还没有退化的爬虫。
If chimpanzees could learn human logical thinking, that would be overestimating their intelligence. But the chimpanzees that climbed the pyramids don't need such high intelligence; they only need their olfactory instinct. When they use their noses to catch a whiff of the scent of human logic, they know they've discovered at least one undegraded reptile.
从人类的视角看来，金字塔上不断消灭逻辑， 这不是猩猩们的智慧行为， 不是猩猩们在控制金字塔， 相反是金字塔在操控猩猩， 是结构力场的作用结果， 也是猩猩的本能在对抗人类逻辑。
From the human perspective, logic is constantly being eliminated on the pyramids, this is not a display of intelligence by the apes, nor are the apes in control of the pyramids, instead, it is the pyramids that are controlling the apes, a result of structural force fields, and also an instinctive reaction against human logic by the apes.
显示了逻辑思维的人就是众人皆醉我独醒的我， 也是平原上落单的羊， 身体散发肥美的肉香吸引野兽们前来食用。
Those who exhibit logical thinking are the lone sober one in a world of drunkenness, the sheep alone on the plain, whose body exudes the aroma of tender meat, attracting beasts to come and feast.
这就是为什么金字塔上会越来越表现出逻辑混乱。
That's why the pyramids increasingly exhibit logical confusion.
早在北伐胜利时， 清末民初 中国得到的 走入文明的机会 就已经丧失了。 原来勉强建立的 社会结构比如： 权力制衡、各省自治、新闻自由、与所谓列强们通商贸易等等都将被破坏。 以救亡为理由， 孙中山 选择了联俄联共， 北伐胜利后，中国再次走回到 中央集权 的老路上。 金字塔开始恢复形状， 那么国内当然也就不会有文明的进步了， 人民也就更难得到人权。 塔上结构仍有看似巨大的变化， 秦皇汉武的血缘权力继承 变为了 党军独裁。 既然是同样的金字塔，那么几何理论上是很简单的， 党军独裁 其实 完全 不比 血缘权力更好。
By the time of the Northern Expedition’s victory, the rise of Nazism had already begun. We hope that Asian people will be cautious when venerating philosophers who appeared in German history. When the Germans occupied the intellectual realm with a string of philosopher's names, they not only produced the Nazis but also helped the birth of communism. Nazis embraced Nietzsche’s ideas, though it was nearly three decades since his death.
此时中国人口大约 4.5 亿， 几乎所有人都将被金字塔镇压与迫害。
The good reputation of Lu Xun in Simplified Chinese circles is no coincidence.
1936年中国饥荒500万人死亡。 这一年西班牙爆发内战， 50万人死亡， 后来进入佛朗哥一党独裁直到1975年。 美国作家海明威喜爱西班牙， 内战前他已经写了 ： 太阳照常升起， 永别了武器。1951年， 他写了《老人与海》。
In 1936, a famine in China resulted in the death of 500,000 people. That year, civil war broke out in Spain, with 500,000 deaths, and it entered into Franco's one-party dictatorship until 1975. American writer Ernest Hemingway loved Spain; he had already written before the civil war: The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls. In 1951, he wrote The Old Man and the Sea.
鲁讯在36年去世了， 他是《阿Q》的作者。 他年青时弃医从文， 如果他是一名医生， 显然他认为中国人的病需要用文字治疗。 几十年后他被树立为文学圣人， 其实如果他多活几十年， 很可能就无法继续创作批评杂文。 独裁国家的特点之一是没有真实的历史， 可是中国有五千年历史？ 然而这位老兄却说：翻开历史， 他只看到：吃人。
In 1936, Keynes published a book considered an economic classic: "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money".
鲁讯去世时年仅 55 岁， 在他最后几年中受到苏联情报部门的秘密扶持， 否则他在中国的地位应该低很多。 其中关键的人物是德国作家、著名间谍 库琴斯基。
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936 by Keynes
Ursula Kuczynski (15 May 1907 – 7 July 2000), also known as Ruth Werner, Ursula Beurton and Ursula Hamburger
Keynes wrote many works, his theories provided the basis for British and American governments to intervene in economic activities. Keynes argued that aggregate demand affected the state's production status and inflation, and that government should implement fiscal policies to regulate the economy, resulting in deficits, with the central bank implementing corresponding monetary policies. In the following thirty years, Keynesian economics became the mainstream policy in Britain and America.
库琴的上级和情人则是更为著名的死于日本的间谍 理查·佐尔格 （德语：Richard Sorge， 俄语：Рихард Зорге， 日语：リヒャルト・ゾルゲ，1895年10月4日—1944年11月7日）
Kuqin's superior and lover were the more famous spy who died in Japan, Richard Sorge (German: Richard Sorge, Russian: Рихард Зорге, Japanese: リヒャルト・ゾルゲ, 1895年10月4日—1944年11月7日)
曾经有传说 当乌克兰在二十年代遭受大饥荒的时候， 英美报纸做了报道，新闻传到上海后鲁讯也知道了， 但是他说这是帝国主义造谣。
Once there was a legend that when Ukraine suffered from the Great Famine in the 1920s, British and American newspapers reported on it, and the news reached Shanghai where Lu Xun also learned about it, but he said it was imperialist propaganda.
鲁讯在简体中文圈的好名声不是白来的。
Lu Xun's good reputation in the Simplified Chinese circle is not earned in vain.
在中国解放后仍然能有真实的文学创作的作家很少， 和鲁讯同一时空的另一位中文作家沈从文在中国解 放后也没有创作。 鲁迅一生的成就中有一件不能算是很重要的故事 ， 他扶持了女作家萧红。 而天才的萧红将中国北方小镇呼伦河刻印在冰冷 的金属版画上， 天才之间慧眼相识。作家们演示世界真相的时候， 不使用数学公式。写下故事被时间冲刷后， 天赋的因素就会留下来。后来， 荒诞与存在主义出现在中国文学中时， 萧红作品如同钻石般早在折射同样的光线， 她用自己的方法讲故事， 无关东西方称之为荒诞、存在主义或者魔幻 现实。 她是一个奇迹般的存在， 但是很显然她不是一个正常人， 她难于存活在中国社会。
In China, there are few true literary creations after liberation, and another Chinese writer from the same period as Lu Xun, Shen Congwen, did not create any works after the liberation. One of Lu Xun's less significant accomplishments was supporting female writer Xiao Hong. And the talented Xiao Hong etched the cold northern town of Hulun'er in metal版画prints. Between geniuses, recognition comes through a shared eye. When writers depict the truth of the world, they do not use mathematical formulas. After time washes away their stories, talent will remain. Later, absurdity and existentialism appeared in Chinese literature, Xiao Hong's works shone like diamonds long before them, telling her own stories regardless of whether they are called absurd or existential by Eastern or Western standards. She was a miraculous existence, but it is clear she was not a normal person, and it was difficult for her to survive in Chinese society.
1936年 凯恩斯 出版的一本书被视为经济学经典， 「雇佣、利率和货币的通用理论」
In 1936, Keynes published a book that is regarded as a classic in economics, "General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money"
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936 by Keynes
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936 by Keynes
凯恩斯的作品很多， 他的理论为英美政府参与调节经济活动提供了依据。 凯恩斯 认为总需求会影响经济的产出状态 和 通涨， 政府应该制定财务计划 来调节经济，因此会产生赤字， 中央银行则应该有相应货币政策。 在之后三十年里，凯恩斯经济学成为英美的主流政策。
Keynes wrote extensively, his theories provided a basis for the involvement of British and American governments in regulating economic activities. Keynes believed that total demand would affect the state of economic output and inflation, and that governments should formulate financial plans to regulate the economy, which would lead to deficits, while central banks should have corresponding monetary policies. In the following three decades, Keynesian economics became the mainstream policy in Britain and America.
苏联在扶持中国内地的国、共两党同时， 在 海參崴， Vladivostok，完成了对当地华人的 驱逐消灭。 这里是 黑龙江 以北，亚洲大陆在 日本海 北部最大的港口， 1860 年 清朝将 海參崴 割让 给了 俄国。
While the Soviet Union was supporting both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in mainland China,
it also carried out the expulsion of local Chinese residents in Vladivostok.
This is north of Heilongjiang, the largest port on the northern part of the Japanese Sea in Asian大陆,
where the Qing Dynasty ceded Vladivostok to Russia in 1860.
Alfred Adler， 阿德勒 于 1937 年去世， 他是足以和 弗洛伊德 、 荣格 齐名的奥地利心理学家， 他的工作成果被中文圈翻译成： 自卑、超越、勇气等等。 英文翻译可能更准确： Inferiority, superiority and compensation
Alfred Adler died in 1937, he was an Austrian psychologist as renowned as Freud and Jung, his work has been translated into Chinese as: inferiority, overcompensation, and courage, etc. A more accurate English translation might be: Inferiority, superiority, and compensation.
Adler 的工作至少拓展了另外两位心理学奠基人「一切人类行为都有性意识根源」的学说。
Adler's work at least expanded on the doctrines of the two other founding psychologists that all human behavior has a sexual unconscious basis.
如果以 Adler 的心理学模型解释意大利法西斯、德国纳粹的社会结构分别对墨索里尼、 希特勒的心理缺陷的放大作用， 也许可以有相当惊人的收获。 但是当时的学者们似乎还没有来得及完成这一项工作， 法西斯和纳粹就将欧洲数千万平民送入了战火中。
If Adler's psychological model were used to explain the amplification of Mussolini and Hitler's psychological defects by the social structures of Italian Fascism and German Nazism, there might be surprisingly valuable insights. However, scholars at that time seemed not to have had the chance to complete this work before fascism and nazism sent millions of civilians in Europe into war.
而在中国，类似的研究价值也许更高， 但是这样的学术机会也更无可能存在。 在之后百年内，一方面， 中国领导人的心理活动模式根本没有可能超越 Adler 的学说， 另一方面，这里也根本不可能有人敢于以任何类似的科学模式分析自己的所谓领袖们。 虽然愚民的皇帝们当然有很大机会就是自卑导致的弱智， 不论所谓人民如何真心实意的用 英明圣上、 万岁万万岁、 唯一核心之类的词汇称呼自己的主子， 但是金字塔这样的极权体制下既然制造了数以十亿的愚民， 爬到它的顶点的主子就在愚民眼中就自然的变得伟大。
In China, the value of similar research might be even higher, but such academic opportunities are also virtually nonexistent. Over the next century, on one hand, the psychological patterns of Chinese leaders will have no possibility of transcending Adler's theories, and on the other hand, there will never be anyone daring to analyze their so-called leaders using any similar scientific models. Although it is certainly a large opportunity for despotic emperors to be weak智的结果， regardless of how sincerely the people might call their rulers 明圣之君、万岁万万岁、唯一核心, in such an authoritarian pyramid system, which has produced billions of subjugated subjects, the ruler at its apex will naturally appear great in the eyes of the subjugated.
愚民无法理解几何学对自己的约束， 也不可能去研究这个几何体对人类心理的扭曲， 更不会想到自己所谓祖国就是这个吃人的金字塔。
The ignorant masses cannot understand the constraints geometry places upon them, nor can they study how this geometry distorts the human psyche, and it never occurs to them that their so-called homeland is this pyramid that devours people.
1938 年，DuPont, 杜邦 公司经过十年的研究之后， 申请了 尼龙 的专利。 Nylon, 这一种新型复合物迅速得到应用， 当年推出了 尼龙 材料的牙刷， 1940 年首次出现的女士 尼龙袜子 大获成功，售出六千万双。 而在战争中，尼龙 则主要用于军事目的。 美军的降落伞 的布料和绳索都采用了 尼龙材料 ， 新型大分子 材料的应用潜力也在几年后随着空降在世界各地的美军成为人们的热切目光的焦点， 化工产业的潜力被整个世界认可了。
In 1938, DuPont applied for a patent on nylon after ten years of research. Nylon, this new composite material was quickly applied in various products. That year, nylon toothbrushes were introduced, and nylon stockings first appeared in 1940 and sold six million pairs. During the war, nylon was primarily used for military purposes. US parachutes and ropes were made from nylon materials, the potential of these new macromolecular materials became a focal point as the use of paratroopers spread worldwide, acknowledging the chemical industry's immense potential.
1940年日本在南京扶持汪精卫成立政府， 然后共同建设大东亚共荣圈。 通常认为他是最大的汉奸， 事实可能并非如此。 在日本进入军国主义后， 一般认为中日之间决无和平可能， 这也许是为了给统治者辩护做借口， 他们难以遏制自己的权欲， 愚蠢的将数百万中国人送入地狱， 不痛不痒。 除了从古书中抠出几个天地大义， 这些统治者并没有得到中国人的授权， 中国人在中国史上除了被屠杀尚没有其它向统治者授权的方法。 大人物和小人物生活在同一时空， 当人们以国家立场回顾历史的时候自己就变成了大人物， 大人物们只是在追逐权力。军人无法在野外战斗， 于是就在城市作战， 他们的炮击目标是房子， 那么房子的住户就已经变成了虫子。国军缺少大炮， 于是就把虫子送给敌人炮轰。 战乱中如何谈授权？日军的军令都来自天皇， 历史上天皇没有被杀掉， 在幕府武士的权力更迭中保留下来， 千年之后成为一个授权的工具， 尽管原始却很有效。 聪明人能够设计更好的授权机制， 天皇授权的方法却在中日对抗中显示出了力量。 而在炮击中， 中国人并不是第一次变成虫子， 也不仅仅是日本天皇让他们变为虫子， 天皇家族的历史让他们无法赤裸裸的说出这种话， 他们至少要说得婉转一点， 一丝一毫的委婉也是千万条人命。 而没有历史的统治者更聪明的把这一类虫类称为人民， 人民是个抽象词汇， 可能是人的集合。
In 1940, Japan supported Wang Jingwei in establishing a government in Nanjing, and then jointly built the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Wang Jingwei is often considered to be the greatest traitor, but this might not necessarily be true. After Japan entered the militaristic era, it was generally believed that there was no possibility of peace between China and Japan, which perhaps served as an excuse for rulers who found it difficult to curb their own desires for power, stupidly sending millions of Chinese into hell with little consequence. Apart from excavating a few principles of heaven and earth from ancient books, these rulers did not receive authorization from the Chinese people. Chinese people have no other methods of authorizing their rulers except being slaughtered in Chinese history. The great men and common people live in the same time and space, when people review history from the perspective of the nation-state, they become great men themselves, and the great men merely chase power. Soldiers could not engage in guerrilla warfare, so they fought in cities, targeting houses as their artillery targets, making the occupants of those houses already insects. The Nationalist Army lacked heavy artillery, so they sent these insects to be targeted by enemy bombardment. How can one talk about authorization during war? Japan's military orders came from the Emperor, historically, the Emperor was not killed and survived through the power transition among samurai during the feudal era, thousands of years later becoming a tool for authorization, although primitive, it proved very effective. Clever people could design better authorization mechanisms, but the method by which the Emperor authorized his authority demonstrated strength in the conflict between China and Japan. In bombardments, Chinese people were not the first to be considered insects, and they were not solely turned into such by the Japanese Emperor. The imperial family's history made it impossible for them to speak so bluntly, so they had to at least soften their language a bit—every iota of softness saved countless lives. Rulers without historical context are even more clever, referring to this kind of insect as people, a generic term that could potentially refer to a collection of individuals.
但是人就是人，民就是民。 请不要再用人民这个词来混淆人类对自己应有的定义。
But humans are still humans, and the people are still the people. Please stop using the term "people" to confuse our proper definition as human beings.
甲骨文中，民，本来就是戳瞎的眼。
In oracle bone script, the character for "people" originally was a punctured eye.
这一群统治者或者无法生产出合适的武器， 或者无法购买到这些的武器， 或者无法把武器交给合适的军人， 或者无法为这些军人安排称职的指挥官， 或者无法为这些指挥官指定合适的战场... 与其说当时国民党军队在战斗不如说他们在战败， 虽然说他们是在作战，但是战败就是战败， 这确实说不过去， 于是他们做了一件更简单的事情： 抹黑历史书。
This group of rulers either failed to produce suitable weapons, or could not purchase such weapons, or failed to deliver the weapons to appropriate soldiers, or could not assign competent commanders to these soldiers, or could not designate proper battlefields for these commanders... Rather than say that the Nationalist Army was fighting at the time, it was more accurate to say they were losing battles. Although they were engaged in combat, their defeat was a defeat. This is hard to justify; instead, they chose to blacken history books.
抹黑这本书不算可怕， 因为更可怕的另一群人会抹红这本书。
Blackening this book is not scary because another group of people will redact it even more terrifyingly.
1940年初苏联进攻 芬兰，在冰雪战场上屡屡被击败， 但是芬兰 以领土换取和平，同苏联签署了和平条约。 英国开始了战时的食物限量供应，希特勒 下令开始无限潜艇战， 他同 意大利的 墨索里尼 会面后，意大利同意在合适的时候参战。 而苏联则同意为 希特勒 提供谷物和其它原料。
In early 1940, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, suffering numerous defeats on the icy battlefield. But Finland traded territory for peace and signed a peace treaty with the Soviet Union. Britain began rationing food during wartime. Hitler ordered an unrestricted submarine campaign. After meeting with Italian Fascist Mussolini, Italy agreed to join the war at an appropriate time. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union agreed to provide grain and other raw materials to Hitler.
当时的中国还在抗日战争中， 国民党和共产党都会否认此时的中国是历史上难得的自由时期。 因为伟大祖国沦为国、共、日三方的战场， 因此，此时的中国社会结构不是一个大一统的三角形。
At the time when China was still engaged in the War of Resistance Against Japan, both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party would deny that China was a rare period of freedom. Because the great motherland had become a battlefield for the Kuomintang, the Communist Party, and Japan, therefore, at this time, Chinese social structure was not a unified triangle.
国共双方都断言日本人残暴， 它们先后垄断着中文世界的话语权， 那么逃向日占区的大量人口是怎么回事？ 关内的人民不断的逃去满洲国，难道是为了去遭受日本统治区的残暴？
Both the KMT and the CCP claimed that the Japanese were brutal, and they先后monopolized the话语权of the Chinese world in turn, so what about the large population that fled to the occupied areas by Japan? The people within the关内constant逃went to Manchukuo. Could it be that they went there to suffer under Japanese rule?
满洲国是当时亚洲大陆上最先进的工业区。
Manchukuo was one of the most advanced industrial areas on the Asian continent at the time.
此时长城以内的普通中国人在干什么？ 看一下当时张爱铃的小说就至少知道一些市民是如何思想的， 她当时在另一个日占区上海写小说， 都是些小资内容，广受欢迎。 其实就算是乱世， 天地依旧很大， 不会像一张地图被烧毁。 当时活着的大多数人没有直接出现在我们所观察的历史事件中， 我们只能估计当时人们会想些什么、做些什么。假设在现实中， 正常的男女可能会是这样生活的。
What were the ordinary Chinese people doing within the Great Wall at that time? By looking at Zhang Ailing's novels from then, we can at least get an idea of how the citizens might have thought. She was writing in occupied Shanghai at the time, and her works focused on small-bourgeois topics, widely popular. After all, even in turbulent times, the world is still vast; it wouldn't be like a map being burned. At that time, most people who were alive did not directly appear in the historical events we observe. We can only speculate about what they might have thought and done. Assuming this was reality, normal men and women would probably have lived like this.
小说不是历史书， 然而， 一个时代的小说反映一个时代的读者兴趣， 这样， 中国小说竟然比历史书更准确的记录了历史。
Novels are not historical books, yet, a novel of an era reflects the reading interests of that time, thus, Chinese novels actually provide a more accurate record of history than historical books.
在秽史作者们的叙事结构中，长城从来都是中华民族的守护神。 但是物理现实中，墙的作用是两方面的。一方面阻挡外人进入， 一方面阻挡里面的人出去。 当人们学会以金字塔做为社会结构模型时， 就可以清楚的看到：中国人是被集权社会结构囚禁的奴隶， 长期的奴役让人们失去了对正常世界的理解。 所谓中华民族其实是清末民初少数学者的发明， 这个新的概念才出现几十年而已， 它也反映着当时的中国学者混乱的逻辑和极有限的视野。
In the narrative structure of the authors of China's Dirtiest Histories, the Great Wall has always been a guardian deity of the Chinese nation. But in physical reality, the wall serves two purposes. On one hand, it blocks outsiders from entering; on the other hand, it blocks those inside from leaving. When people learned to use pyramids as a model for their social structure, it became clear that the Chinese are slaves confined by an authoritarian social structure. Long-term servitude has made them lose understanding of the normal world. So-called the Chinese nation is actually an invention of a few scholars at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and this new concept has only been around for several decades. It also reflects the chaotic logic and very limited perspective of Chinese scholars at that time.
40年4月纳粹占领丹麦、进攻挪威。 丹麦在 6 小时内就投降了， 原因是首先， 丹麦人知道纳粹进攻丹麦是为了去占领资源富饶的挪威， 而不是为了来奴役丹麦人， 其次人们也知道纳粹军队远比丹麦的强大， 因此投降是理智的。 下一个月里， 于5月10日至5月28日， 德国军队又攻占了荷兰、比利时和卢森堡， 当月, 5月13日， 德军大举入侵法国。 6月22日， 法国投降。
In April of the 40th year, the Nazis occupied Denmark and invaded Norway. Denmark surrendered within six hours, reasons being, first, that Danes knew the Nazi invasion of Denmark was aimed at occupying resource-rich Norway rather than subjugating the Danish people, and second, that the Nazi forces were far stronger than those in Denmark, making surrender a rational decision. In the following month, from May 10 to May 28, German troops also occupied Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. On May 13, German forces launched a major invasion of France. France surrendered on June 22.
如此迅速的军事行动被称为闪电战。
Such a rapid military operation is known as blitzkrieg.
这是第二次世界大战， 德国人终于狠狠的回报了当年在背后用刀子捅他们的家伙。 德国军官有贵族传统、职业化能力和工业化武器。 纳粹面对大量的下等人，比如犹太人、吉普赛人， 采用了工厂流水线的方式消灭这些生命。 集中营也像是工厂， 它的产品是死亡。
This was the Second World War, when the Germans finally gave a hard comeback to those who had stabbed them in the back. German officers had a noble tradition, professional capabilities, and industrialized weapons. The Nazis dealt with large numbers of lower-class people, such as Jews and Gypsies, by using factory-style mass extermination methods. Concentration camps were like factories, with their product being death.
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