中文原文 · 中文 + English · History index / 历史目录
-12K, -1.2万年， 约旦河谷， 纳图芬人， 镰刀， 石碗， 户外活动， 气候， 农业¶
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-12K, -1.2 thousand years, Jordan River Valley, Natufians, sickle, stone bowl, outdoor activities, climate, agriculture¶
约1.2万年前， 此时地球人口超过200万， 人们已经走到了每一块大陆。
About 12,000 years ago, when the Earth's population had surpassed 2 million, people had already reached every continent.
历史人口数据参考：全球历史数据库， HYDE, History Database of the Global Environment.
Historical population data reference: Global Historical Database, HYDE, History Database of the Global Environment.
人口是在人类史中变化的关键数据。 被赶出非洲的人口中， 也有一部分回流非洲， 带着M168基因。
Population is a key data that has changed throughout human history. Some of the people who were driven out of Africa also returned to Africa, carrying the M168 gene.
流浪的日子里， 任何一种野兽都没有阻挡住人类。 终于人类走到了食物链的终点， 成为终极的捕食者。 之后， 当所有的大陆被人类占领后， 土地将成为有限的资源。 战斗将更多在同类间展开， 天堂的门越来越远了。
During the wandering days, no wild beast could stop humanity. Finally, humans reached the end of the food chain and became the ultimate predators. Afterwards, when all the continents were occupied by humans, land would become a limited resource. Fights would increasingly take place among同类之间，天堂的大门越来越远了。 humans, and the gates to heaven grew farther away.
如果说人类史应该是走向天堂的路线， 我们也同样要画出走向地狱的路线，这同样重要。
If human history should be a route to heaven, we must also draw the route to hell, and this is equally important.
此时是一万二千年前， 农业还没有出现， 国家也没有出现。
At this time, it was 12,000 years ago, when agriculture had not yet appeared and neither had nations.
在打猎和采集植物的生活方式下， 一个部落需要方圆数十公里的活动范围， 相比农业， 这个土地面积太大了。 两者相比， 土地面积的需求比可能达到数万倍。 如果几百名农业人口在一两公里的范围内生存， 密集的人数可以形成战斗力， 他们可能打败一两个采猎部落， 农业不仅是粮食来源， 聚集也是更好的战斗方式。 农业化将是一个巨大的变化， 恰好发生在这个时候也许不是偶然。
In the lifestyle of hunting and gathering plants, a tribe needed an activity range of dozens of kilometers. Compared to agriculture, this land area was too large. In comparison, the land area requirement might be thousands of times greater. If a few hundred agricultural people survived in a range of one or two kilometers, the dense population could form combat strength, and they might defeat one or two hunting-gathering tribes. Agriculture was not only a source of food but also a better way to gather. The domestication of agriculture would be a great change; it might not have been coincidental that this happened at this time.
走出非洲之后， 第一个转折点就是进入农业。 我们的祖先越过了所有的高山， 绕过了所有的大海， 走到了每一块大陆， 可是从此， 同类的贪婪将成为更高的山、 更大的海， 贪婪的心将成为吞噬更多生命的深山密林。 心中的自私与寒冷将连成为更广的沙漠， 不提供水源， 缺少食物， 这就是人类转入农业的时候。
After leaving Africa, the first turning point was the advent of agriculture. Our ancestors crossed all the high mountains and circumnavigated all the vast seas, reaching every continent. But from this point onward,同类的贪婪 will become even higher mountains, greater seas, with greedy hearts becoming dense jungles that devour more life. The selfishness and coldness in our hearts will merge into wider deserts, without providing water sources or lacking food—this is the time when humanity turned to agriculture.
从现在起我们将聚焦在公元前1万年左右， 在农业化的前夜， 选择两处人类活动的遗迹， 了解当时人们的生活状态。
Starting from now, we will focus on around 10,000 BCE, on the eve of agriculturalization, and choose two sites of human activity to understand the state of people's lives at that time.
约 1.2 万年前在莱文特地区， 就是今天的以色列， 耶路撒冷西北。 向西是地中海， 漫长的海岸连接平缓的平原。向东则是另一种地貌， 数十公里后， 地形升高， 有起伏的山陵和植物密集的山谷。 约旦河在今天是以色列和约旦的边界， 自北流入加利利海， 向南流入死海。 后来在圣经的故事中， 耶酥在这条河里受洗。 加利利海的北边， 是格兰高地， 这是今天巴勒斯坦、 叙利亚、约旦、以色列之间的战略要地。
Around 12,000 years ago in the Levant region, which is today's Israel and west of Jerusalem. To the west lies the Mediterranean Sea, with a long coastline connecting gentle plains. To the east, it is another landscape: After several dozen kilometers, the terrain rises with undulating hills and valleys densely covered with vegetation. The Jordan River is today's border between Israel and Jordan; it flows northward into the Galilee Sea, and southward into the Dead Sea. Later in biblical stories, Jesus was baptized in this river. North of the Galilee Sea lies the Golan Heights, which is a strategic location among Palestine, Syria, Jordan, and Israel.
约旦河向南的流域， 水流平缓， 河道曲折。 流经的山谷今天称为约旦山谷， 史前人类留下大量遗迹。 这附近曾经是人类走出非洲、散布全球的出发地， 后来也成为犹太教、 基督教、伊斯兰教的发源地， 在文字史中经历数千年战火焚烧。 从起伏的约旦河西岸到漫长的地中海东岸， 每一个山洞里都可能发生过故事， 每一个河谷旁都可能点燃过营火， 这里是考古学的胜地。
The lower course of the Jordan River flows gently and meanders through valleys. Today, these valleys are known as the Jordan Valley, where prehistoric human remains are abundant. This area was once the starting point for humans to leave Africa and spread across the globe, later becoming the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, enduring thousands of years of warfare and destruction in written history. From the rugged West Bank of the Jordan River to the long eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, stories may have unfolded in every cave, and campfires might have been lit beside each riverbank. This is a paradise for archaeologists.
而每一个故事， 都可能是一群卑微生命的全部， 在这些幼小心灵中， 曾经存在的全部世界已经远去。
And every story might be the entirety of a group of humble lives, in these tender hearts, where all the worlds that once existed are already far gone.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian_culture
1920年英国女学者嘉洛德， Dorothy Garrod， 考古挖掘苏克巴洞穴， Shuqba cave， 她发现了大量古人类遗物， 纳图芬这个名字是她认定的。 附近探掘到完整的人体骨骼， 有头骨上戴着精致的头带， 头带由一圈圈筒形贝壳缠绕形成， 头带保留在头骨上， 让人以为发现了新的人种。
In 1920, British scholar Dorothy Garrod excavated Shuqba Cave and found a large number of ancient human artifacts. The name Natufian was coined by her. Nearby excavations revealed complete human skeletons with intricate headbands on skulls, headbands formed by circles of cylindrical shells wrapped around the heads, preserved on the skulls.
据说在纳图芬人之前， 更早在这一片土地的是克巴朗人， 克巴朗人生活在旧石器时代， 已经会养狗， 他们有更大的流浪性。
It is said that before the Natufians, and even earlier on this land, were the Kabalens, the Kabalens lived in the Old Stone Age and already knew how to domesticate dogs; they had a greater nomadic lifestyle.
到了纳图芬人的时候， 离现在大约1.2万年， 在约旦河谷范围内， 当时大约有一千人左右生活在这里， 食物来源还是狩猎和采集。
When it came to the Natufians, who lived about 12,000 years ago, in the Jordan Valley region, there were roughly a thousand people living there, and their food sources were still hunting and gathering.
他们在靠山傍水的平缓山坡上宿营， 营地大约数十米范围， 类似于度假小村的样子。 内圈建有圆形小屋， 发现以石头砌成的半高墙， 上面用枝叶搭成屋顶， 可以让几个人挤在屋里， 屋里有温暖的火堆， 火堆的英文是 hearth。
They camped on a gentle slope by the hillside and by the water, with the camp area about several dozen meters in range, resembling a small vacation village. The inner circle was built with round huts, surrounded by half-height stone walls, topped with roofs made of branches and leaves, allowing several people to挤在屋里。屋里的英文是 hearth。
营地的位置选择巧妙， 既方便进山打猎， 也可以走下平原游荡。
The location of the camp was chosen cleverly, both convenient for hunting in the mountains and allowing for wandering through the plain.
而石砌的圆屋说明是永久营地， 居住者虽然是采猎为生却也是定居的部落。 为什么游猎与定居两种生活方式会融合在一起？ 部落规模通常是20-50人。 小圆屋里， 长年烧着火。 屋外， 生活垃圾和大小便都集中在一处， 垃圾堆里的骨头来自当地可能出现的各种动物和鸟类。
The stone-built round house indicates a permanent camp, where the inhabitants,虽以狩猎为生但也是定居的部落。 Why did nomadic hunting and settled life merge together? The tribe usually consists of 20-50 people. In the small round houses, fire was kept burning year-round. Outside the houses,生活垃圾和大小便都集中在一处, with bones from various local animals and birds found in the refuse heap.
根据历史气候和动植物研究， 当时水土肥沃， 鸟兽繁殖。这一山谷最独特的是周围有大量野生谷物， 这是上帝的赐福， 和野果相比， 谷物吃了顶饱。
Based on historical climate and animal and plant studies, the land was fertile at that time, with abundant wildlife. What made this valley particularly unique was the presence of a large amount of wild grain around it—a blessing from God. Compared to wild fruits, grains were more filling.
营地里发现了镰刀， 可能是人类史上的第一把镰刀。 镰刀由石器刀刃镶嵌在木器中， 多片锋利的石刃夹在木槽中， 有单排刃的， 也有双排刀刃的。在 1.2万年前， 这实在令人惊叹。它的作用显然是用于割取野生谷物， 刃口细细的使用痕迹也符合反复切割稻草的用途。
Campsite findings suggest the presence of a scythe, which may be the first scythe in human history. The scythe features a stone blade embedded in a wooden handle, with multiple sharp stone blades夹在木槽中。There are single-edged and double-edged versions. Dating back to around 12,000 years ago, this is truly remarkable. Its obvious use was for harvesting wild grains, and the fine wear on the edges aligns with repeated cutting of grasses.
人们作了估算， 根据当时野生谷物的颗粒大小、 分布密度来测算， 一个成年人收割三个星期， 可以得到一家四口一年的食物量。
People estimated that, based on the size and density of local grains, one thousand people could survive with these sickles.
这是纳图芬人定居在这里的重要原因， 人们不种地， 也不会种地， 只会收割。快乐的理由是天赐的食物。
This is an important reason why the Natufians settled here. People do not cultivate land and would never cultivate it; they only harvest. The reason for happiness is the food given by nature.
吃饱之后， 人们制作了石碗， 是一种优美圆润的石器。 可以将谷物放入， 去除谷壳并且捣碎研磨谷粒。石碗开口尺许， 碗口有收敛的外沿， 碗深也一尺左右， 连接在相当不错的底座上。配套的捣锤浑圆趁手， 方便使用。
After eating, people made stone bowls, which were elegant and rounded stone utensils. These could be used to store grains, removing the husks and grinding the grain. The stone bowl had an opening about a foot in diameter, with a收敛的外沿 narrowing outward at the rim, and was about a foot deep, connected to a rather good base. The accompanying pestle was round and well-suited for use.
谷物的食用方法是磨成粉后， 和水做成面饼， 不同的谷物可能混在了一 起。 面饼在石头上烤熟， 用手撕着吃。 他们的牙齿很好， 说明磨碎谷粒时没有混入石屑， 也说明了他们的工作态度， 人们有时间细心的准备食物， 生活于细致而且富足的生活中。
The dead usually did not reach fifty years old and often died from external injuries. One female body buried with a dog showed she had gently held it in her arms.
石碗不仅实用， 而且美观。碗口是几乎完美的圆形， 碗身优雅的弧线显然需要长时间的敲打和研磨来制作， 也说明当时人们有心情来做这样的工具。
The stone bowl is not only practical but also beautiful. The rim is almost a perfect circle, and the elegant arc of the body clearly required prolonged hammering and polishing to create, indicating that people back then had the patience to make such tools.
除此之外， 他们使用各种不同的工具， 石斧、石刀、矛头、石球等各有特点。 人们显然用大量时间雕刻石头或者骨头， 他们普遍的佩带首饰， 贝壳来自海边， 还有产于数百公里外的海洋贝壳物种。 很可能不同营地的纳图芬人相互分工和交换。 而他们还没有货币的概念， 应该是处于各取所需， 自由交换的阶段。
Wild cattle were a species of cow that could reach two meters tall. With such magnificent horns sometimes over two meters wide. These majestic animals eventually went extinct, likely eaten by humans.
曾经， 人们以为农业作物来源于史前农民的选择性培植。 后来， 基因研究成为学科后， 人们对比了农用谷类和野生谷类发现两者有微妙的基因差异， 这一个差异出现在大约一万多年前。 这很难归功于选择性培植的结果， 或者说农业的真相远非以前单纯而自豪的想像。 也许， 农业做为必然的选择， 也是偶然的结果。
Once upon a time, people believed that agricultural crops originated from the selective cultivation of prehistoric farmers. Later, with the advent of genetic research as a discipline, comparisons between cultivated grains and their wild relatives revealed subtle genetic differences, which emerged around ten thousand years ago. This is difficult to attribute solely to the results of selective cultivation, or perhaps the truth about agriculture is far more complex and less straightforward than previously simple and proud imaginings. Maybe, agriculture was an inevitable choice and also a fortuitous result.
有上帝的手在悄悄的推动。
There is a hand of God gently guiding.
当时， 纳图芬人并不完全依赖谷物食品。 考古学家从他们的垃圾堆里寻找线索， 人们发现纳图芬人显然有丰富的食谱， 有肉食、浆果、坚果， 有各种营养平衡的健康食品。
At the time, the Natufians did not entirely rely on grain-based foods. Archaeologists searched for clues in their garbage heaps and found that the Natufians evidently had a rich diet, including meat, berries, nuts, and various nutritious and healthy food items.
如果部落同伴死了， 纳图芬人会把死者埋在营火下方。 挖一个大坑， 放入尸体， 死者身边精心的摆放陪葬品， 有镰刀、石刀、首饰等。然后， 在死者的胸口压一块很大的石头。 填埋之后， 再把营火点燃， 小屋里的火苗就有了不同的含义。
If a tribe member died, the Nafufen people would bury the deceased beneath the hearth. They dug a large pit, placed the body inside, and carefully arranged grave goods around the corpse—items such as sickles, stone knives, and jewelry. Then, they pressed a large stone onto the chest of the dead. After covering the grave, they rekindled the fire in their huts, giving the hearth flames a new significance.
死者通常不到五十岁， 死因一般是外伤。 有一具女性尸体和一只小狗葬在一起， 巧合的是， 她的手搂着小狗。
The deceased were usually under fifty years old, and the cause of death was generally trauma. There was a female corpse buried with a small dog, and notably, she was hugging the dog with her hand.
另一个被认真埋藏的女人大概是巫婆， 身旁放有70个乌龟壳， 还有豹子的骨头， 还有原牛的牛角等。
Another woman buried seriously was probably a witch, beside her were 70 turtle shells, as well as bones of a leopard and horns from bison.
原牛是一种牛， 身高达到2米， 巨大的牛角常常也有 2 米宽。 这种神骏的牛， 后来竟然绝迹了， 可能是被人类吃光了。
Wild cattle were a species of cow that could reach two meters tall. With such magnificent horns sometimes over two meters wide. These majestic animals eventually went extinct, likely eaten by humans.
对遗迹内骨骼的研究说明骨头的主人健美健康。
而常见的骨折痕迹说明了人们的生活状态， 借用现代人的行为来描述，
就是长期、大量的户外运动。 爬山涉水， 徒手攀岩， 跟随着羚羊的群落， 驱逐野兽...
在山谷和原野中做这样的体能输出运动， 显然容易造成骨折。
Research on the bones within the ruins indicates that the owner was fit and healthy. Common fracture marks suggest the lifestyle of the people, described using modern behavior, which involved prolonged and extensive outdoor activities. Climbing mountains, water crossings, bare-handed rock climbing, following herds of antelopes, chasing wild beasts... Such physical output sports in valleys and open fields clearly made it easy to suffer fractures.
但是，骨折之后愈合的痕迹才值得人们惊奇， 这些痕迹显示人们得到了从伤病中恢复的条件， 这意味着有同伴在照顾他们。
But what truly amazes people are the scars left by fractures that have healed, which show the conditions under which they were able to recover from injuries, indicating that they had companions to care for them.
他们的装备也堪比现代户外运动爱好者。 遗迹中出土了一个“户外装备包”， 物品整齐摆放其中， 出土时包包已经腐烂了。包里有十几样装备。 有7个大小不同的球状石头， 用于抛掷。 有石制矛头， 石刀、镰刀等。 还有备用的燧石， 可以用于修理和制作新的石器。 这和现代户外人精心准备装备的行为 是一样的。
Their equipment also rivals that of modern outdoor enthusiasts. Remnants from the site included an "outdoor gear bag," with items neatly arranged inside. When unearthed, the bag was already rotten. Inside were about a dozen pieces of equipment. There were seven different-sized stone balls for throwing. Also found were stone spearheads, knives, sickles, and备用的燧石，用于修理和制作新的石器。 This is similar to how modern outdoor enthusiasts carefully prepare their gear.
燧石， flint， 是石器时代的首选石料。 这种常和沉积岩 一同出现的石头， 外表常见灰色、黑色， 或者褐色， 敲打时可以一片片剥落， 造成锋利边缘。 制作石器的技术比人们想像的复杂，应该是需要师徒传承的， 手法需要长时间练习。
Flint is the preferred stone material of the Stone Age. This stone, often found together with sedimentary rocks, commonly appears in gray, black, or brown colors. When struck, it can peel off into thin pieces to form sharp edges. The technique of making tools from flint is more complex than people imagine and likely requires师徒传承, with techniques needing a long time to master.
选择石头、敲打石头、磨制石头、镶嵌石头， 这几乎可以形成一条简单的产业链了， 可以想像这些原始部落相互之间会有频繁的交流。
Choose stones, hammer them, polish them, and inlay them, This almost forms a simple industrial chain, And one can imagine that these primitive tribes would have frequent exchanges with each other.
据估计， 大约有2500年的时间里， 纳图芬人都保持这样的生活。
It's estimated that for about 2500 years, the Natufians maintained this lifestyle.
当时人们的远程武器是：抛索、石串。 抛索， sling, 是一条绳子中间有一 个装石头的袋子。 装好石头后， 抓着绳子两头， 甩起来， 突然放开一头绳子， 石头就甩出去了。 米开朗罗基的雕塑大卫像， 大卫肩上就挂着这样的武器。 圣经记载大卫用这种武器甩出石头， 打破了歌利亚的脑袋。 直到今天， 还有中国藏族的女孩子带着抛索放羊， 甩出小石头驱赶羊群。
At that time, people's remote weapons were: slings and stone clusters. A sling was a rope with a pouch in the middle for holding stones. After filling it with stones, one would grab both ends of the rope, swinging it around until suddenly letting go of one end, causing the stone to fly out. Michelangelo's sculpture of David has such a weapon hanging from his shoulder. The Bible records that David used this weapon to shoot a stone that broke Goliath's head. Even today, Tibetan girls in China still carry slings to herd sheep by throwing small stones.
石串， bola， 是另一种武器， 三根绳子系着三颗石头结成一串， 用的时候绳子和石头一起甩出去， 显然方便打鸟， 或者甩飞出去缠到小羊的腿上。
Stone Chain, bola, is another type of weapon. Three ropes are tied to three stones in a chain. When used, the rope and stones are thrown together, obviously convenient for hitting birds, or wrapping around a lamb's legs when thrown.
这些武器最大的缺点是很难瞄准。
The biggest drawback of these weapons is that it's difficult to aim them.
纳图芬人准备好装备后， 几个家人或者朋友一起出发。 外出打猎的时间可能是几天， 甚至几周。 路上也会采集果实， 或者挖些植物根茎食用。 对非洲原生部落的观察发现他们可以辨识数百种可食用植物， 现代人的冰箱里可能也没有这样广泛的食谱。
After the Natufians prepared their gear, several family members or friends would set out together.
The time spent hunting could be for days, even weeks.
During the journey, they also gathered fruits and dug up plant roots and stems to eat.
Observations of African indigenous tribes show that they can identify hundreds of edible plants,
and modern refrigerators might not have such a wide variety of recipes.
猎人们每天很容易走过15公里， 通常不会走直线， 因为地形会引导人们的路线。 在两三天的时间里， 他们可能离开营地三五十公 里。 人们探索周围的环境， 山谷、树林， 水源、动物、植物... 大自然提供生存的基础。 这就是狩猎生活的范围。 大约在一个营地周围的方圆五十公里， 这也就是采猎生活对土地面积的需求。
Hunters easily cover 15 kilometers each day, usually not in a straight line, as the terrain guides their route. Over the course of two or three days, they might be about 30 to 50 kilometers away from their camp. People explore the surrounding environment—the valleys, forests, sources of water, animals, plants...—nature provides the basis for survival. This is the range of hunting life. About fifty kilometers around a campsite, this is also the land area required by a nomadic foraging lifestyle.
而养活同样的人口， 只要500米见方的一块农田(375亩)。 以土地面积来说， 农业对土地的利用率提高了上千倍以上。
And to feed the same population, only a plot of farmland measuring 500 meters square (375 mu) is needed. In terms of land area, agricultural utilization of land has increased by more than a thousand times.
营地的人数说明了更多情况， 比如， 部落中的男孩子常 常要去其它部落寻找爱人。 他们用红色或者白色的染料 在身上画出花纹， 在他们留下的艺术品中， 有1.1万年 前的雕塑， Ain Sakhri， 是十厘米的石刻， 是两个紧密 的抱在一起的人， 细节虽然模糊， 却明显在做快乐事。
The number of people at the camp shed more light on the situation, for example, boys from the tribe often went to other tribes to find lovers. They would paint intricate patterns on their bodies with red or white dye. In the art they left behind, there is a sculpture dating back 11,000 years, Ain Sakhri, which is a ten-centimeter stone carving of two people hugging tightly together. Although the details are模糊的，明显是在享受快乐。
遗迹中发现的这些情况让学者推测当时人们身体健康。 有富足的食物， 悠闲的生活， 当然也有大量的户外运动。
The findings in the ruins led scholars to speculate that people were healthy at the time. They had plenty of food, leisurely lives, and of course, a lot of outdoor activities.
这时候人们享用谷物却不用耕种。
People are enjoying grains without cultivating them.
而农业化， 是在人口遍布各大洲之后发生的， 被突然的气候变化推动。在天然谷物变得稀少时人们被迫开始播种。
Agriculture, however, occurred after populations were established on all the continents, spurred by sudden climate change. When natural grains became scarce, people were forced to start sowing.
如果不用种田就可以生活的很好， 谁会去种田？
If one can live well without farming, who would go to farm?
就是这个时候，地球气候开始变化。 一个突然来临的全球降温影响北半球， 这一次气候变化被称为小仙女木， the younger dryas。
It was at this time that Earth's climate began to change. A sudden global cooling affected the Northern Hemisphere, and this period of climate change is known as the Younger Dryas.
小仙女木是一种草， 在靠近北极圈的冰川下会开出白色小花， 人们用她的名字命名了这一次气候变化。 小仙女木的时期， 冰川从欧洲向北极后退， 降水减少， 莱文特地区变得干旱。 野生谷物枯萎， 动物数量减少。
Tiny Fairy Moss is a grass that grows white flowers near the Arctic Circle. People named this period of climate change after her. The Tiny Fairy Moss Period saw glaciers retreating from Europe toward the北极圈, precipitation decreasing, and the Levant region becoming arid. Wild grains withered, and animal numbers decreased.
纳图芬营地里， 人们陷于饥饿。这不是一天之内发生的， 问题也不会在短期内得到解决。 营地里没有人知道这是中亚气候的变化造成谷物死亡的结果， 然而， 每个人都感觉到缺少食物的饥饿。
In the Natufen camp, people were starving. This wasn't something that happened overnight, and the problem wouldn't be solved in the short term. No one in the camp knew that the famine was caused by the death of grain due to changes in Central Asian climate; however, everyone could feel the hunger from lack of food.
陆陆续续， 人们离开。如果留下来， 就只有更多的饥饿。 沉重的石碗不能随身携带， 留在了营地。 后来这些石头碗渡过了寂寞的近万年时光， 直到考古学者前来发掘。
People left gradually. If they stayed, there would only be more hunger. The heavy stone bowls couldn't be carried away and were left at the campsite. Later, these stone bowls passed through nearly ten thousand years of loneliness until archaeologists came to excavate them.
离开的人们， 一些沿着山坡向北， 去寻找日渐稀少的羚羊。 一些人向西， 他们也许会走到地中海边。 但是多数人会 倒在旅途中。饿着肚子跋涉时更容易受伤， 也更难恢复。
Those who left went north up the hillside, seeking increasingly scarce antelopes. Some went west, perhaps all the way to the Mediterranean Sea. But most would fall along the way. Starving travelers were more prone to injuries and slower to recover.
路是离开营地的方向， 就像是离开天堂的道路。途中， 伏倒在地面， 在饥渴和病痛中再也站不起来。 躺下来， 眼前是枯草， 地面是荆棘， 看天空中漂着云， 只能感觉到疼痛和衰弱， 如微风中的小草， 身不由已。
The path led away from the camp, like the road out of heaven. Along the way, falling to the ground, no longer able to stand due to hunger, thirst, and sickness. Lying down, before eyes were withered grass, the ground was brambles, looking up at clouds in the sky, only feeling pain and weakness, like a small blade of grass swaying in the breeze, helplessly.
夕阳中夜色寒冷， 大地依旧深厚， 落日沉入天际， 这就是农业来临前的时间了。
The night fell cold under the setting sun, the earth remained deep and thick, and the sunset sank into the horizon. This was the time before agriculture arrived.
一些人看到野羊就锲而不舍的跟随着， 后来成为牧民。
Some people followed the wild goats persistently and later became shepherds.
另一些人， 来到加利利海， 这内陆海实际上是淡水湖， 水位下降后湖边展露可以播种的泥土。 他们把保留的谷类用做种子， 用皮袋盛水浇灌。 这样开始了农业， 最初种植的是大麦、小麦， 都是曾经在纳图芬谷地野生的作物。
Some people came to the Sea of Galilee, which is an inland sea and actually a freshwater lake. After the water level dropped, fertile soil was exposed along the shore, where they planted seeds with the stored grains. They carried water in leather bags for irrigation. This marked the beginning of agriculture, initially planting barley and wheat, both of which were wild crops that had once grown in the Valley of Natufian.
逐渐的制作了农具。 农业劳动要求长时间面对土地， 农民劳动时要保持弯腰低头姿态。 谷粒变得更大， 也更难脱皮， 需要更长时间研磨。 石头上磨出一个坑后， 在旁边继续磨， 一块石头上常常有两三个坑丑陋的交叠在一起。 工具变得缺少美感， 之后， 很长时间都没有出现精美的石制工具。 留下的人类骨骼反映了肩部和腰部劳损。
Gradually, farming tools were made. Agricultural labor requires prolonged exposure to the land, with farmers maintaining a bent and lowered posture while working. The grains grew larger and harder to dehusk, requiring more time for grinding. After grinding a pit into a stone, work continued on another side, often resulting in multiple pits on one stone that awkwardly overlapped. The tools became less aesthetically pleasing, and for a long time, there were no fine stone tools. Human skeletal remains reflect shoulder and back injuries from the labor.
离开伊甸园后， 情况就是这样。 相比纳图芬文化的时期在之后很长的时间里， 没有出现精美的工具， 考古中没有找到。这反映了人们的心情， 这是千百年的情绪低落。 一代不如一代的健康， 早早劳损的身体。
After leaving the Garden of Eden, this was the situation. For a long time after the Natufian period, there were no elegant tools found in archaeological findings. This reflects people's mood, a thousand-year melancholy. One generation after another, deteriorating health, and bodies worn out at an early age.
人们可能已经离开了天堂。
People may have left paradise.
而这一时期的多处遗迹中， 食物都是集中存放， 这样在技术上方便储藏， 也说明人们还没有私人占有食品的概念。 原本食物是自己出现在天地之间的， 私自占有食物在当时是一种无人理解的变态行为。
During this period, food was centrally stored at multiple sites for practical storage purposes, indicating that the concept of private ownership of food had not yet developed. Originally, food appeared in the world on its own, and privately possessing food was considered an incomprehensible abnormal behavior at the time.
进入农业后， 农民被土地束缚。 这预示着强盗将成为一种高收入的职业。
After entering agriculture, farmers are bound to the land. This suggests that piracy could become a high-income profession.
同时， 干旱中， 撒哈拉沙漠扩张， 又将一部分北非的部落赶出非洲。之后， 更广阔的沙漠让走出非洲的路线变得更困难了。
During droughts, the Sahara Desert expanded and pushed some North African tribes out of Africa. Later, even wider deserts made the route out of Africa more difficult.
当农业导致国家建立后， 自由的流浪也越来越少， 国家须要拘束人口。
As agriculture led to the establishment of states, free wandering became less frequent, and states needed to constrain their populations.
农业化之后，农民像是新出现的人种， 他们告别了自由的流浪生活。 在更小的面积得到更多的食物， 这使他们聚集更多人数， 形成更强战斗力。 一个部落在方圆几十公里有几十人， 农民却可能在一公里方圆一个村落里聚集过百人。
After agriculturalization, farmers appeared as a new kind of people, bidding farewell to their free roving life. With more food produced in smaller areas, this allowed them to gather larger numbers of people, forming stronger combat power. A tribe might have dozens of people within several dozen kilometers, while a village of farmers could gather over a hundred people within just one kilometer.
成为农民， 不仅是气候造成的结果， 也是人口增加的结果。
Becoming farmers is not only a result of climate change but also an outcome of population increase.
大约同时， 海平面上升使原来的陆地变成难以到达的岛屿。 从泰国、马来 西亚、印度尼西亚、菲律宾， 到台湾， 原来理想的迁移路线变成了遥远的 群岛。 而原来通往美洲和澳大利亚的路线关闭， 进入这两块大陆的先行者失去了身后的联系。
At about the same time, rising sea levels turned former land into distant islands. From Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines to Taiwan, the ideal migration route became a chain of remote islands. And the routes leading to America and Australia were closed off, severing the connection of the pioneers who had entered these continents.
气候、大海与地理结构决定了人类进化后最大的舞台从 此集中到欧亚大陆上。
Climate, oceans, and geographical structure determined that after human evolution, the largest stage thereafter concentrated on Eurasian landmass.
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv 关键词 vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
Keywords:¶
耶路撒冷 Jerusalem, 死海 Dead sea, 加利利 Galilee, 西岸 West Bank, 约旦 Jordan, 承诺的土地 Promised Land, 格兰高地 Golan heights, 叙利亚 Syria, 纳图芬 Natufian, 克巴朗 Kebaran, 抛索 sling, 石串 bola 小仙女木 younger dryas, 仙女木（植物） dryas octopetala,
Jerusalem, Dead Sea, Galilee, West Bank, Jordan, Promised Land, Golan Heights, Syria, Natufian, Kebaran, sling, bola, younger dryas, Dryas octopetala
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