中文原文 · 中文 + English · History index / 历史目录
150K, 15万，¶
150K, 15万，¶
摘要：¶
Summary：¶
夏娃， 宗教与科学， 穿衣服， 亚当， 走出非洲， 肥沃的弦月地区, 莱文特， 现代行为， DNA单倍群， 海边水边， 艺术， 肤色 {{{1
Eve, Religion and Science, Clothing, Adam, Out of Africa, Fertile Crescent, Levant, Modern Behavior, Mitochondrial Haplogroups, Coastal Areas, Art, Skin Tone
15万年前， 线粒体夏娃生活在东非。 她是所有现存人类的 母系最近共同祖先（线粒体基因通过母系遗传）。 这是分子生物学的结论， 测试线粒体可以找到女性遗传线索， 现代女性拥有共同祖先。 如果把这位祖先称为「线粒体夏娃」， 她就是所有女人的奶奶的奶奶的奶奶的...共同的奶奶， 而且， 这位名为夏娃的曾经的老奶奶她生活的位置是在非洲东部。
150,000 years ago, Mitochondrial Eve lived in East Africa. She was the matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans (mitochondrial DNA is passed down through the maternal line). This is a conclusion from molecular biology; testing mitochondrial DNA can find female genetic clues, and modern women share a common ancestor. If we call this ancestor "Mitochondrial Eve", she would be the great-great-grandmother and so on to all women, and this ancestral grandmother named Eve lived in eastern Africa.
这个结论又巧合了神话， 在圣经的故事中， 曾经有一个叫做夏娃的女人， 她是所有女孩的妈妈的妈妈......
This conclusion coincides with mythology. In the stories of the Bible, there was once a woman named Eve, who is the grandmother of all girls...
其实当时她叫什么名字并没有被确认， 她就是她。
Actually, at the time, it was not confirmed what her name was; she was just called by that name.
考古学者们在十万年前的遗迹中发现陪葬物品， 这已经不令人惊奇， 说明人们在举行丧葬仪式。 也说明， 人们在思考死亡， 这是宗教的核心内容。 无论陪葬了什么， 人们必然在认真处理同类的尸体。
Archaeologists have found burial goods in remains dating back a hundred thousand years, which is no longer surprising and indicates that people were conducting funeral rituals. It also suggests that people were contemplating death, which is at the core of religion. Whatever was buried with the dead, people must have been seriously dealing with similar corpses.
从科学证据的角度来说， 我们难以寻找语言出现的证据。 但是坟墓的样式是有大量证据的。 这也许解答了十万年后困惑人们的一个问题， 宗教和科学之间到底如何选择呢？
From the perspective of scientific evidence, it is difficult to find evidence for the emergence of language. However, there is a lot of evidence regarding the styles of graves. This might answer the question that puzzled people ten thousand years later: how to choose between religion and science?
希望我们没有把问题提得太早。 艺术与技术、宗教与科学， 这些人类社会展示的令人着迷的力量值得我们远远走到文字出现之前的时间里寻找根源。
We hope we have not asked the question too soon. Art and technology, religion and science – these fascinating forces of human society deserve us to trace back far beyond the time when words first appeared.
我们早已经猜测过，信仰可能是一种本能， 远远出现在科学之前。 宗教的英文是：Religion。 从某种角度来看， 科学和宗教是同一种来源， 许多现代人曾经被科学和宗教之间的区别撕裂， 有时候， 它们其实是一回事， 都有神秘主义倾向， 都源自鲜血长河未知的源头。 鲜血长河渊源流长， 时间只是这条河岸边被冲刷消失的位置坐标。
We had long speculated that faith might be an instinct, far preceding science. The word for religion in English is: Religion. From a certain perspective, science and religion are the same source. Many modern people have been torn apart by the distinction between science and religion; sometimes, they are one and the same, both having a mystical tendency, both originating from the unknown source of a long river of blood. The long river of blood has a deep origin, and time is just the position coordinate that gets washed away on the bank of this river.
对于在某一个狭窄的科学领域有天分的专业人士， 我们非常认真的建议这些专才思考这样的问题： 自己的天才是不是必然的被放置在人类史中的某一个位置上了？ 如果一个学者不介意为危害人类的事业做出优秀的科技发明， 他是不是一种特殊的白痴？
For talented professionals in a narrow scientific field, we seriously recommend that these specialists consider this question: Is their talent necessarily placed at a specific position in human history? If a scholar is willing to make excellent technological inventions for harmful purposes, is he or she a special kind of idiot?
7.4万年前， 有一次巨型的火山喷发， 位置在现在印尼的拖把湖， Lake Toba, Sumatre。有研究认为大气层中因此弥漫大量火山灰， 阳光无法穿透 ， 这样可以形成长期的冬天。 在时间上这一次火山喷发和人口瓶颈同时出现， 也和最后一次冰川纪重合， 当时地球上只剩下不到一万人还活着。
70,000 years ago, there was a massive volcanic eruption located in what is now Lake Toba in Sumatra. Research suggests that the atmosphere was filled with large amounts of volcanic ash, preventing sunlight from penetrating and leading to a long-term winter.
This volcanic eruption coincided with the appearance of a population bottleneck and overlapped with the last glacial period, during which only about 10,000 people survived on Earth.
7万年前， 人类染色体中线粒体单倍群L2出现。 这个时候，
人们充分显示出了现代人类的行为特征。
人们终于普遍的学会了穿衣服，
也可以更有信心地欢迎冰川老大爷的光顾了。
70,000 years ago, haplogroup L2 appeared in the human mitochondria. By this time, people had fully exhibited the behavioral traits of modern humans. People had generally learned to wear clothes, and could confidently welcome the Ice Age grandpa's visits.
衣服是身体的扩展， 用武力脱去他人的衣服是不礼貌的。 人体的概念就这样扩展了， 我们不仅仅生活在肉体内部， 衣服就是肉体的延伸。身体语言比声音语言更古老， 比如我们可能听不懂小猫小狗的叫声， 但是对它们的身体姿态表达的意图就更容易理解， 身体语言就是以肢体动作和面部表情进行表达的方法， 请注意这种语言需要一个肉体之外的空间来完成表达。
Clothes are an extension of the body, and forcibly removing someone's clothes is impolite.
This concept extends to the human body; we do not merely exist within our flesh.
Clothes are an extension of the body. Body language is older than vocal language,
for example, we might not understand a kitten or puppy’s meows,
but their body postures and expressions often convey their intentions more easily.
Body language is a way of expressing oneself through bodily movements and facial expressions.
Please note that this language requires a space outside the body to be expressed.
从物理学来说这是必然的，请注意这不是什么社会学。
From a physical perspective, this is inevitable. Note that this is not about sociology.
私有财产也是人体的一种延伸， 当人们穿上衣服的时候， 许多学者认为当时没有私有制的概念。夺去人们的私有财产， 就像是脱去人们的衣服一样， 这种行为可能触犯了一条更古老的法则。
Private property is also an extension of the human body; when people put on clothes, many scholars believe that the concept of private ownership did not exist back then.夺去人们的私有财产， is like stripping people of their clothing, and this action might violate a more ancient law.
任何语言中都存在谎言， 说谎也是一种人性本能， 是对真相的遮掩， 衣服也恰好是对身体真相的遮掩， 这是一种巧合吗？
Lies exist in any language, lying is also a human instinct, a concealment of the truth. Clothes恰好are also a concealment of the body's truth. Is this just a coincidence?
但是讲出真话的本能至少应当有机会得到保留吧？
But shouldn't the instinct to speak the truth at least have a chance to be preserved?
更进一步， 在衣服之外， 占有财产仿佛可以得到更多安全感， 而当人们理解了自己， 将存在的感觉延伸百万年后， 还会不会固执的尝试占有瞬间消失的东西？
Furthermore, beyond clothing, possessing property seems to offer more security. And when people come to understand themselves and extend the sense of existence for a million years, will they still obstinately try to hold onto something that vanishes in an instant?
两个小孩子可能不介意掀起衣服摸摸对方的肚皮， 长大以后他们自然会约束自己的行为。
Two small children might not mind lifting each other's shirts to scratch their bellies, but as they grow up, they naturally will约束自己的行为. (Naturally will restrain their behavior.)
尽管现令人口已经超过70亿， 曾经在最寒冷的年代， 地球总人口不过数万。 而且那个时候人们还没有制作地图， 当人们穿好了衣服， 就出发走去了全世界。
Although the current world population has exceeded 7 billion, at the coldest times, the total human population on Earth was just in the tens of thousands. And back then, people had not yet made maps. When they put on their clothes, they set off to travel the whole world.
是从非洲出发的。
It started from Africa.
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv 关键词 vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Keywords vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
冰期， 或冰河期 ice age, or glacial period, 间冰期 interglacial,
Ice Age, Glacial Period, Interglacial,
直立人 homo erectus, 匠人 homo ergaster, 海德堡人 homo heidelbergensis,
Homo Erectus, Homo Ergaster, Homo Heidelbergensis,
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
6万年前， 线粒体单倍群 M 和 N 出现， 拥有这一DNA特征的人们都参与了「人类走出出非洲」的壮举。
60,000 years ago, mitochondrial haplogroups M and N appeared. People with these DNA characteristics participated in the 'exodus out of Africa'.
这是这一次马拉松比赛颁发的纪念章， M or N, 现在人人有份。
This is the medal for this marathon race; everyone now has either M or N.
走出非洲是人类史上的一件大事。 参与这一壮举的显然是人类的祖先。 后来， 在测试男人DNA（Y 染色体）的时候发现可能存在男人的共同祖先。 测试结果显示当前的大多数男人都是一小群原始人的后代， 甚至最后都是一个男人的后代。 和神话中的亚当一样， 称他为Y染色体亚当。 当然也就是这一小群人完成了走出非洲的工作 。
Walking out of Africa was a significant event in human history. It is clear that the ancestors of humans were involved in this feat. Later, when testing men's DNA (Y chromosome), it was discovered that there might be a common male ancestor. The test results showed that most current men are descendants of a small group of原始人的后代， 甚至最后都是一个男人的后代。 Like the mythical Adam, he is called the Y-chromosome Adam. Of course, it was this small group of people who completed the task of walking out of Africa.
亚当本人可能没能走出非洲。
Adam himself may not have left Africa.
亚当和夏娃出现在人类走出非洲的前夕。 在他们身后数万年如梦幻泡影一直到他们的后人进入农业和工业； 在他们身前有137亿年， 如露如电一闪而过。
Adam and Eve appeared before humans exited Africa. Behind them, countless years passed like a dream, an illusion, a bubble until their descendants entered agriculture and industry; In front of them, there were 13.7 billion years, fleeting as a flash of light.
把走出非洲的路线汇总画到地图上， 重点就出现在非洲、亚洲和欧洲之间的地方。 在阿拉伯半岛西部， 靠近地中海东岸的土地被称为：Levent， 中文音译为：莱文特地区。 其上的耶路撒冷是一座四大宗教交汇的古城。 莱文特连接北部的幼发拉第河流域， 大致可以画一个弧形区域， 有点像弯弯的弦月。这一区域被称为肥沃的弦月地区， 英文是 The Fertile Crescent。
The Fertile Crescent served as the gateway for humans to leave Africa. Back then it was different; rich in water and fertile land with abundant plants and animals, an ideal starting point.
弦月地区上空的星座是双子座， 巨蟹座， 御夫座， 天猫座... 群星闪耀， 几乎同北非的夜空一样。
The constellations in the sky over the Crescent Moon region are Gemini, Cancer, Orion, and Tianma... The stars shine brightly, almost as dazzling as those in the night sky of North Africa.
星空之外， 宇宙仍然在膨胀， 边缘扩展的速度超过光速。 而恒星与行星仅占这个世界成分的1/20， 小于5%， 暗物质和暗能量构成宇宙的主要部分。
Beyond the stars, the universe is still expanding, with its edges extending faster than the speed of light. And stars and planets make up only about 1/20th of this world, less than 5%, while dark matter and dark energy constitute the main parts of the universe.
走出非洲的故事距离我们6万年。 6 万年前的星光已经无法触摸， 非洲大地上， 狮子的吼声可以让 5公里外的人听到， 而名为哈依娜的丑陋的鬣狗， Hyena， 它们的叫声如同女巫的笑声。
The story of走出非洲的故事距离我们6万年。
60,000 years ago, the stars shining in Africa were out of reach.
The roar of lions could be heard from 5 kilometers away,
and the ugly hyenas known as 哈依娜 had calls like the cackles of witches.
早在星空不存在的时候， 甚至黑暗也不存在。 那时候， 创造的力量如果同样不存在的话，一切从何开始？
Before there were stars in the sky, and even before darkness existed, then, if the power of creation did not exist as well, how could everything begin?
在黑暗中挣扎的人们也许可以想一想， 当一切都深陷于牢笼深处的时候， 恰如宇宙起源的时候，如果上帝要造人， 首先要有光， 有光之后才知道黑暗。就这样， 他在无光无暗的深渊中安排人类的命运。 没有人陪伴是孤独的。 如果上帝把死亡设计在每一个生命中， 毫无疑问， 这就是回归孤独的方法了。
Around this time, humans entered the late Paleolithic era.
肥沃的弦月地区做为人类走出非洲的大门口。 当时和今天不同， 水土肥沃、 动植物繁盛， 是一个理想的起点位置。
Fertile Crescent region served as humanity's gateway out of Africa. Unlike today, it was a fertile land with abundant flora and fauna, an ideal starting point.
当气候允许弦月地区成为走出非洲的起点后， 这一地区后来也就成为了宗教、 农业、 文字产生和文明流传的起点。 从弦月地区向南走也很快可以到达埃及， 北非的尼罗河流域也是古文明出现的重要地区。
When the climate permitted the Crescent Moon region to become the starting point for exiting Africa, this area later became the starting point for the emergence of religion, agriculture, writing, and the spread of civilization. Traveling south from the Crescent Moon region also quickly brought one to Egypt, where the Nile River in North Africa was also a significant area for the emergence of ancient civilizations.
因此不足为奇，人类农业和文字都起源于这些地区。
从地理上看， 这里是走出非洲的起跑线。
搞笑的是， 后来， 埃及人用金字塔把起跑线好像给堵住了。
[Behavioral Modernity] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity)
5万年前， 人类已经不是第一次尝试走出非洲。 此时， 人类基因中 M168 突变型出现。 测试说明， 所有非洲以外的男性携带这一突变的基因。 就是说出非洲的越野赛跑中， 只有一个部落成功了。 以前应该有其它部落已经尝试过类似的迁徙路线了。 只有成功者有机会把自己的基因特征留传给后人， 生存者常常意识不到史上还有消失的人群， 这可能就是一种感受偏差。 从生命大树的视角来看， 所谓失败者也是大树上的一部分，他们已经回归了生命之树。
50,000 years ago, humans had already attempted to leave Africa for the first time. At this point, the M168 mutation appeared in human genes. Tests show that all males outside of Africa carry this mutated gene. That is, only one tribe succeeded in the out-of-Africa marathon. It's likely that other tribes had tried similar migration routes before. Only those who succeed have the opportunity to pass on their genetic traits to future generations, and survivors often fail to realize that there were populations that disappeared in history, which might be a form of cognitive bias. From the perspective of the tree of life, so-called failures are also part of the tree, having already returned to the tree of life.
走出非洲的部落成员都带着防伪标志M168， 人人有份， 他们的后人将遍布整个地球。
Members of tribes who ventured out of Africa carried the anti-counterfeiting mark M168, and everyone had one. Their descendants would spread across the entire globe.
当时， 人类进入旧石器时代晚期。
At that time, humans entered the late Paleolithic period.
何时算做现代人类？ 除了解剖学中的标准， 除了DNA的演化， 还有行为标准。从行为的角度来说， 如果被称为现代人类， 他们的行为大致要包括，
When do we consider humans to be modern humans? Besides the anatomical standards and evolutionary changes in DNA, there are behavioral criteria. From a behavioral perspective, if they are considered modern humans, their behavior would generally include:
死者埋葬仪式、形象艺术（比如岩壁绘画、石刻、木刻）。 日常染料比如赭石红、首饰，这是对身体的装饰能力。 多种明显具有宗教含义的事物， 长年的营火， 捕捉水里和陆地上的动物的方法， 工具制造能力，石制和骨制工具， 刀刃、绳索， 复合工具， 比如石器嵌入木头， 用绳子捆绑磨制的骨器等。 长距离运送物资的能力，比如留下明显不是本地的物品。 人工制造纪念物品的能力、如岩画、雕刻，这也是艺术创作的能力证据。
Burial rituals for the deceased, artistic images such as rock wall paintings, stone engravings, and wood carvings. Daily pigments like ochre red, jewelry—these are indications of the ability to adorn the body. A variety of items clearly with religious significance, Long-term campfires, Methods for catching animals in water and on land, Ability to make tools, including stone and bone tools, blades, ropes, Composite tools such as stone embedded in wood, and bone tools bound with rope. The ability to transport goods over long distances, such as leaving behind items clearly not from the local area. The ability to create commemorative items like rock art and carvings—this also serves as evidence of artistic creativity.
[Behavioral Modernity] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity)
[Behavioral Modernity] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity)
在5万年前， 冰川覆盖面积远比今天大。 海平面低， 海边露出更多的土地。 从今天的红海、波斯湾向东走到南亚， 今天的岛屿之间在当年都是大片陆地。 第一批离开非洲的人们沿着海岸流浪， 一部分人直接走到了澳大利亚 ， 另一部分去了中亚， 大约是今天伊朗北部到中国新疆西边的地域。 中亚的人群分头行动， 有去了北边 ， 再向西往欧洲， 有的向中国东部进发。
About 50,000 years ago, the glaciers covered a much larger area than today. Sea levels were lower, and more land was exposed around the coasts. Starting from today's Red Sea and Persian Gulf heading east to South Asia, what are now islands between those areas were vast lands during that time.
The first people to leave Africa wandered along the coastlines. Some walked directly to Australia, while others went to Central Asia—approximately the region from northern Iran to western Xinjiang in China. The populations of Central Asia acted separately; some moved north and then west toward Europe, while others advanced eastward into China.
当时的人和现在的人有多少区别？
How different are people from the past compared to those of now?
他们没有文字， 他们没有电脑和手机， 却同样需要水、食物， 他们同样需要休息和睡眠， 需要温暧和关怀。 部落里有善良的人， 也有粗暴的人。 部落间可能应该常常走亲访友， 当然， 也许通常是这样， 可是有一些部落， 在山林和朝霞中离去， 就渐行渐远。
They have no文字, but they still need water and food, they still need rest and sleep, warmth and care. There are kind people in the tribe, and there are also violent ones. Perhaps tribes should often visit each other, of course, usually it is like that, but some tribes, leaving among the mountains and sunrise, gradually fade away.
走出非洲的人群如同滴落在清水中的染料， 扩散在地球表面。 沿着海岸与河岸， 在晨风暮雨中流浪， 寻找食物点燃营火， 享受温暖安全与快乐。
The groups that ventured out of Africa spread like dye dropped into clear water, across the Earth's surface. Wandering along coastlines and riverbanks, under morning breezes and evening rains, they searched for food to light campfires, enjoying warmth, safety, and happiness.
人们一定会沿着海岸与河岸迁徙，为什么？
Why would people migrate along coastlines and rivers?
同时， 走得太快太远是有代价的。 这一代价， 在现代人类建立国家后支付， 惨痛无比。 地理环境影响人们的思想，也将影响社群可能发展的文化。
At the same time, going too far and too fast comes at a cost. This cost is paid after modern humans established states, and it is extremely painful. Geographical environment affects people's thoughts and will also impact the culture that a community may develop.
在当年， 还没有国家。 走出非洲所要面对的最强大的野兽也挡不住人们的脚步， 战胜这些野兽的， 不仅仅是强壮的肉体， 人类始终没有得到比野兽更强悍的肉体。 战胜野兽的也不是个人的武功， 而是做为集体的部落， 是营火旁聚积的一群身影、在安全和温暖的时候有智慧和情感交流， 在相互理解中相互照顾， 组织集体捕猎， 学习布置陷阱和制作武器， 汇聚力量分享食物。 用陷阱可以对付几乎所有野兽， 最后， 没有一种野兽能够让人们停下脚步， 直到国家这种野兽出现， 自由和流浪才被有效遏制。
In those days, there was no country. The strongest beasts to be faced when leaving Africa could not stop people, What overcame these beasts was not just strong physical bodies, Humans never obtained a stronger body than that of the beasts. Overcoming the beasts was not by individual prowess, but through tribal groups, It was about gathering shadows around the campfire, having wisdom and emotional exchanges in safety and warmth, Caring for each other with mutual understanding, organizing collective hunting, learning to set traps and make weapons, Pooling strength to share food. Traps could deal with almost all beasts, until No beast could stop people from moving forward until a country appeared, Freedom and wandering were effectively curbed.
在人类走出非洲的理论基础上我们似乎可以看到早被埋藏的人类史的更深厚的主题：逃亡。
Based on the theory of humans leaving Africa, we seem to see deeper themes in human history that have been long buried: escape.
是什么让人们无路可逃？
What leaves people with nowhere to flee?
早期人类迁移的证据有三种， 化石、遗迹、DNA。 在基因测试结果中，共同祖先的人群分享相同的单倍群， Haplogroup 。 比如太平洋上的波利尼西亚岛民的基因测试说明他们和澳大利亚、 菲律宾和台湾原住民血缘很相近， 有可能是同一批人游泳过去的。
Evidence of early human migration includes fossils, artifacts, and DNA. In genetic test results, populations sharing a common ancestor exhibit the same haplogroup. For example, genetic tests of Polynesians in the Pacific indicate they are closely related to indigenous Australians, Filipinos, and Taiwanese people, possibly indicating a single group swimming over.
在太平洋游泳从亚洲游去波利尼西亚群岛， 这并不是一个笑话， 尽管有点夸张。 人们在水边可能得到更多食物， 尝试制作漂浮的工具沿着岸边漂流， 这是比进入山林探索更安全的方法， 在水边有更多生存机会。 走出非洲的人更擅长游泳， 观察奥运会的游泳成绩记录就可以证明， 黑人选手在水上运动项目中普遍成绩落后。
Swimming in the Pacific Ocean from Asia to the Polynesian Islands is not a joke, though it might be somewhat exaggerated. People by water could get more food, trying to make floating tools to drift along the shore, which is a safer method than venturing into the jungle, and there are more survival opportunities near the water. Those who left Africa were better swimmers, as evidenced by Olympic swimming records, where Black athletes generally perform worse in aquatic events.
Polynesia: 波利尼西亚， 泛指南太平洋一千多个岛。
Polynesia: Polynesian, referring to more than a thousand islands in the South Pacific.
寻找相同的 Haplogroup 可以发现人类祖先迁移的路径。比如， 中国发现的 FT（P14， M213）群是 4.5万年前中亚线路迁移来的, O1/O2/O3 (MSY2.2/P32,M268/M122) 群是 4万年前从南亚沿河流北上到云贵地区后， 再去到长江、黄河的。
Finding the same Haplogroup can reveal the path of human ancestors' migration. For example, the FT (P14, M213) group found in China is from Central Asia, migrating 45,000 years ago, while the O1/O2/O3 (MSY2.2/P32, M268/M122) group is 40,000 years old and migrated north along rivers from South Asia to the Yunnan-Guizhou region before moving on to the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.
再以现代英国人的DNA来源为例， 携带Haplogroup R1b的人群可能是 1.4 万年前从中 东、高加索地区迁移到西欧的。 携带 I2b(M436)的 则可能来自古希腊地区； 进一步（更早）来自 Mesopotamia 地 区， 即两河流域古文明地区；进一步来自巴勒斯坦和伊朗南部， 即印度以东印度洋沿岸地区。
For example, taking the DNA origins of modern Britons as a case study, individuals carrying Haplogroup R1b may have migrated from the Middle East and Caucasus regions to Western Europe around 14,000 years ago. Those carrying I2b(M436) might have come from ancient Greek areas; further (earlier) they could trace their origins back to Mesopotamia, i.e., the region of ancient civilizations in the two river basins; and even further back to Palestine and southern Iran, which are coastal regions along the eastern coast of the Indian Ocean east of India.
在亚洲东海岸， 东南亚群岛和太平洋第一岛屿链， 从马来西亚直到日本群岛在当时是非常好的路线。 在海平面等高的路线上， 不时出现的沙滩让赤裸的双脚得到按摩， 一路上都有大海提供食物， 每晚都有海潮声催眠入梦。
Along the eastern coast of Asia, from the Southeastern islands and the first island chain in the Pacific to Japan, it was a very good route at that time. At altitudes equal to sea level along this path, occasional beaches provided massages for bare feet, with the sea offering food throughout the journey, and the sound of tides lulling one to sleep every night.
浅浅的海滩让人们有机会躲避内陆猛兽， 它们大多不喜欢跳进海水中， 而海洋中的食肉类也不会游上浅滩。 因此大海曾经帮助人类逃出非洲， 更令人惊奇的是走出非洲的马拉松比赛结束后， 海水上升， 海平面升高 100米左右， 覆盖了古人类的脚印， 将这一批流浪汉的故事冲藏到了大海中。
Shallow beaches provided an opportunity for humans to avoid inland predators, which mostly didn't like jumping into the water. And meat-eating creatures in the sea wouldn't venture onto the shallow shores either. Thus, the sea once helped humans escape from Africa. More astonishingly, after the marathon of leaving Africa, as the sea level rose by about 100 meters, it covered the footprints of ancient humans and buried the story of these wanderers deep in the ocean.
在这个过程中我有一种猜测：对艺术的追求是现代人类演化时的重要原因。 3.8万年前， 木刻艺术中人类与动物结合在一起。 在德国的一个洞里曾发现狮首人身的象牙雕刻， Lion-man of Hohlenstain-Stadel, 大约是这个时候的作品， 很明显的崇拜动物。
During this process, I have a hypothesis: the pursuit of art is an important reason for modern human evolution. 38,000 years ago, in carved art, humans and animals combined together. In a cave in Germany, ivory carvings of a lion-headed humanoid figure were discovered, Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel, which is approximately from this period and clearly shows animal worship.
如果人们喜爱相似的艺术作品， 就可以增加相互认可， 增加沟通与和平相 处的机会。 对于原野上的不同部落， 相互认可之后可以和平相处， 相互猜疑时可能导致战斗， 这就是生与死的区别。
If people appreciate similar works of art, it can increase mutual recognition, increase opportunities for communication and peaceful coexistence. For tribes in the wild, mutual recognition can lead to peaceful coexistence, while mutual suspicion may result in battle, which is the difference between life and death.
佩带着相同装饰品（艺术品）的部落容易被视为同类， 因此避免了战争和死亡。
Clans adorned with the same decorations (artifacts) are more likely to be regarded as fellow groups, thereby avoiding wars and deaths.
艺术的认可是一种最难获得的认可， 自古如此。 艺术品总是在表达含义， 而两个膜拜同样艺术品的人， 就仿佛在某个欣赏角度取得了共同语言。 很有可能， 没有艺术品的早期人群容易被消亡。
Recognition of art is the hardest kind of recognition, as it has been since ancient times. Artworks always convey meaning, and two people worshipping the same artwork seem to find a common language from some perspective. It is very possible that early human groups without artworks were easier to vanish.
比如尼安德特人更强壮， 但是缺少制作艺术品的能力。 2.5万年前， 欧洲尼安德特人灭绝。 此时Y染色体单倍群R2、 线粒体单倍群 J 和 X 出现。
For example, the Neanderthals were stronger but lacked the ability to create art. By 25,000 years ago, the Neanderthals in Europe had gone extinct. At this time, Y-chromosome haplogroup R2, mitochondrial haplogroups J and X appeared.
大约二万年前， 印第安人出现在美洲。 可能是从白令海峡走过来的， 当年这条路是冰雪硬化的表面。 他们也可能是沿着太平洋的岛屿， 一段一段跳跃式的走向南美洲。 更大的可能性是在海岸线上扩散式的迁徙， 偶尔涉水去到近海小岛。 海岸线是有更多食物的路线， 当气候变化， 海平面上升后， 他们的痕迹也被淹没在水下， 让后人难以寻找。
About 20,000 years ago, Indians appeared in America. They may have crossed over from the Bering Strait, which was then a frozen land bridge. They could also have journeyed along Pacific islands, hopping from one to another until reaching South America. A greater likelihood is that they migrated along the coastline, occasionally swimming to nearby islands. The coastline offered more food resources; as climate changed and sea levels rose afterward, their traces were submerged underwater, making it difficult for later generations to find them.
在学术界， 印第安人到达美洲的准确时间尚有不同意见。 在走出非洲的大背景下， 可以确定的是印第安人是一群走得很快的人。
In academia, there are differing opinions on the exact time when Indigenous people arrived in America. Against the backdrop of humans leaving Africa, it can be determined that Indigenous people were a group who traveled quickly.
早期人类在太平洋留下的神奇的脚印远比后世的大航海更令人向往。 这一群史前冲浪选手留下了DNA证据， 包括单倍群：C2, C3, O3等， 却不告诉我们怎样才能用原始工具去到新西兰、夏维夷这些遥远的海岛， 他们甚至到达了靠近南美洲的太平洋岛屿。
Early humans left mysterious footprints in the Pacific that are more captivating than later voyages of discovery. This group of prehistoric surfers left DNA evidence, including haplogroups such as C2, C3, and O3, but did not tell us how to reach distant islands like New Zealand and Hawaii using primitive tools, and they even reached Pacific islands near South America.
这些人应该是有航海和游泳的天赋， 自由泳就是印第安人教 会欧洲人的一种游泳姿势。
These people should have a talent for sailing and swimming. The freestyle swimming posture was taught to Europeans by the Indians.
而非洲人当时把其它人都赶出去之后， 非洲剩下黑色的沃土辽阔的阳光， 非洲人强健的体魄善于搏斗但是不太会游泳。如果他们善于游泳的话， 也许其它人群就没有机会逃出非洲。
And after the Africans pushed everyone else out, Africa was left with vast black fertile land and abundant sunshine. The Africans had strong bodies suited for fighting but were not particularly good swimmers. If they had been adept at swimming, perhaps other groups would not have had the opportunity to escape from Africa.
1.2万年前， 被命名为全新世的中石器时代开始。 Y染色 体单倍群R1a、线粒体单倍群V和T出现。 智人， Homo sapiens， 成为人属中唯一存活的物种。
Around 12,000 years ago, the Middle Paleolithic period of the Holocene began. The Y chromosome haplogroup R1a, mitochondrial haplogroups V and T appeared. Homo sapiens became the only surviving species in the genus Homo.
肤色在演化， 欧洲人演化出了白肤色， SLC24A5基因。 东亚人是：OCA2 基因， 淡黄肤色。 在非洲， 人们保持黑色皮肤主要都是为了适应光照和维生素D的合成。 这样的肤色变化需要400代的血缘传递来完成， 每一代人的肤色改变一点， 不到一万年就变成了不同色度的人种。 肤色变化在人类退毛之后更明显， 虽然退毛并不彻底。 而肤色差异给人们更直接的理由去歧视与残杀， 视同类为异类， 视兄弟为仇敌， 大义凛然的杀害。
Skin color has evolved, with Europeans evolving to have fair skin due to the SLC24A5 gene.
East Asians have the OCA2 gene and a lighter yellowish skin tone.
In Africa, people maintained their dark skin primarily to adapt to sunlight and vitamin D synthesis.
Such changes in skin color require about 400 generations of genetic transmission to complete.
Each generation sees a slight change in skin color,
and within less than ten thousand years, different shades of human races emerged.
The differences in skin color became more noticeable after humans lost their body hair (though not completely).
And these skin color differences provided people with more direct reasons for discrimination and killing,
viewing fellow humans as others, seeing brothers as enemies, and carrying out such acts with righteous conviction.
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关键词
Keywords
Gemini 双子座星座， Lynx 天猫座， Auriga 御夫座， Cancer 巨蟹座
Gemini Gemini constellation,
Lynx Tianma constellation,
Auriga Charioteer constellation,
Cancer Cancer constellation
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Please provide the text in Chinese that needs to be translated.
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