中文原文 · 中文 + English · History index / 历史目录
3.8B, 38亿，¶
3.8B, 3800 Million,¶
摘要：¶
Summary：¶
冥古宙， 大雨大海大陆， 好生之德， 生命起源， 虫子祖先， 孩子与贝壳， 代数上帝， 恐龙 {{{1
Hadean Era, Great Flood and Great Sea, Benevolence of Creation, Origin of Life, Ancestor of Insects, Child and Shell, Algebraic God, Dinosaurs
几乎大轰炸刚刚停止， 地球上开始出现最早的生命。
考虑到当时地表满目疮痍火山喷发的状况， 生命的出现令人难以置信。
Almost as soon as the bombings had ceased, the earliest forms of life began to appear on Earth.
Given the devastated landscape with active volcanic eruptions at the time, the emergence of life was incredible.
地球的年代由远及近， 分为
The ages of the Earth, from oldest to most recent, are divided into
1 冥古宙， 40亿年前， Hadean Eon 2 太古宙， 25亿年前， Archean Eon 3 元古宙， 5.4亿年前， Proterozoic Eon 4 显生宙， 至今， Phanerozoid Eon
1 Hadean Eon (4 billion years ago), 2 Archean Eon (2.5 billion years ago), 3 Proterozoic Eon (540 million years ago), 4 Phanerozoid Eon (present day)
冥古宙的英文 Hadean Eon， 名字来源于 Hades， 这位是古希腊的神， 掌管地下世界。
The term "Hadean Eon" in English is derived from Hades, the ancient Greek god of the underworld.
太古宙(-40-25亿年间)起地球表面开始冷却凝固， 约35亿年前， 地球磁场出现， 有助于阻止大气层被太阳风剥离。
The Hadean Eon (-4.0 to -2.5 billion years) saw the cooling and solidification of Earth's surface.
Around 3.5 billion years ago, the Earth's magnetic field appeared, helping to prevent the atmosphere from being stripped by solar wind.
地面凝固之后，地壳形成， 火山爆发所释放的气体再次形成了大气层。 最初的大气可能由水汽、二氧化碳、氮组成。 曾经撞击地球的小行星、 原行星和彗星上的水和冰也是地球水分的来源之一。
After the ground solidified, the crust formed, and gases released by volcanic eruptions again created the atmosphere. The initial atmosphere may have consisted of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets, and comets that once collided with Earth were also a source of Earth's water.
地面冷却后， 开始下雨。
After cooling, it started raining.
暴雨连续下了成千上万年， 雨水灌满了低地， 最后漫过所有地形。 海水漫过地面汇成海洋， 海洋汇集了大地的盐份， 成为咸水。 暴雨在减少空气中水汽含量的同时， 也洗去了大气中过多的二氧化碳。
Continuous torrential rains for thousands of years filled the lowlands with water, eventually flooding all terrain. The sea level rose over the land to form oceans, which collected salts from the earth, becoming saltwater. The heavy rain reduced the amount of water vapor in the air while also washing out excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
这里引用并且最后一次有意的引用易经：云行雨施， 品物流形。
Here is a reference, and the last intentional reference to the I Ching: Heaven's influence on earth brings all things into being.
对于古文中曾经出现的智慧， 我们需要知道现代科学的研究方法相比古时候已经有巨大的发展。 中文圈总是暗示古人更聪明， 倒置时间次序中人类的理解能力的演化， 这是一种愚民的智商在退化的表现。 人类史绝不仅仅是文字史这一小段， 古人的文字很明显的无从记录真实的生命史。 这样说是有点针对不少中国人「以文为史」， 以「自古以来」为最强借口之一的习惯， 这些习惯其实是缺少逻辑思维能力的结果， 也算是愚民统治下的必然结果之一。
For the wisdom that once appeared in ancient texts, we need to know that modern scientific research methods have made huge advancements compared to ancient times. The Chinese circle often implies that ancients were smarter, reversing the chronological order of the evolution of human cognitive abilities, which is a manifestation of declining intelligence as a result of indoctrination. Human history is not just a small segment of written history; ancient texts clearly fail to record the true story of life. This statement is somewhat aimed at the habit among many Chinese people of "taking writing as history" and using "since ancient times" as one of their strongest excuses, and these habits actually result from a lack of logical thinking ability, which can also be seen as one of the inevitable results under an ignorant ruling system.
顺便问一下：自古的古在什么时候？
By the way, when does "古代" mean in this context?
当时，大雨之后尽管地表已经覆盖海水， 地球中心仍然是火热的熔岩。 表面是一层地幔， 可以在熔化的岩浆上浮动。 就是说， 大陆都是浮动的， 在做很缓慢的移动。 薄薄的地壳隔离了水与火， 海底火山喷发也告诉我们地球内部的真相。 真相就是水深火热， 这种结构保持至今， 生命就是在这个结构上开始繁衍。
After the heavy rain, although the surface was covered by seawater, the center of the Earth remained hot with molten lava. The surface is a mantle that can float on melted magma. In other words, continents are floating and moving very slowly. A thin crust separates water from fire, and underwater volcanic eruptions also tell us the truth about the Earth's interior. The truth is that it is both deep and scorching hot. This structure has been maintained to this day, and life began to thrive on this structure.
当海水浸没大地后， 当时只剩下一块超大陆露出水面。
After the sea submerged the land, only a supercontinent remained above water.
早期太阳光照强度大约只有现在的7/10， 大气中的温室气体使海洋里的水免于结冰。
Early sunlight was about 7/10 as intense as it is now, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere kept water from freezing in the oceans.
露出海面的大陆在缓慢移动中撕裂， 后来， 超大陆经历多次分分合合， 与大海共同构造生命舞台。 大约7.5亿年前， 早期的超大陆之一罗迪尼亚大陆开始分裂， 又在 6 至 4.5 亿年前合并成潘诺西亚大陆， 然后合并成盘古大陆 ， 最后于约1.8亿年前分裂。
As continents broke apart, they slowly moved and split. Later, this supercontinent underwent multiple splits and mergers to form life's stage, including Rodinia splitting around 750 million years ago, merging into Pannotia between 600-450 million years ago, then forming the ancient continent of Gondwana, which eventually broke up about 180 million years ago.
这是生命演化的背景图像， 请注意时间的尺度 ， 伟大的时间大神要大陆移动， 于是， 我们把计时方法从自大爆炸起变为距今多少亿年前。
This is an image of the backdrop for life's evolution. Please note the scale of time, Great Time Deity moved the continents, so we changed our method of measurement from since the Big Bang to how many millions of years ago.
超大陆是指占有超过 75% 土地面积的大陆， 今天欧亚非三块连接在一起的大陆总面积只有大约 57%， 曾经出现在地表的超大陆的名字依次是： Vaalbara, Ur, Kenorland, Arctica, Atlantica, Columbia (Nuna), Rodinia, Pannotia, Gondwana, Pangaea。 其中最后一个超大陆的发音就类似盘古。
A supercontinent refers to a landmass occupying more than 75% of the Earth's surface, today the combined area of Eurasia and Africa is only about 57%, with past supercontinents including Vaalbara, Ur, Kenorland, Arctica, Atlantica, Columbia (Nuna), Rodinia, Pannotia, Gondwana, Pangaea. The pronunciation of the last one sounds like 'Pangaea.'
远古的环境包括地质、地理和气候已经积累了大量的研究， 我们只言片语的描述常常只能作为索引， 索引的背后可能是一个领域的学者长期的研究对象。 将人类史放在真实的物理世界中并不是要说明人类的渺小或者伟大， 然而，据我们所知，或者说因为我们的无知， 我们还不知道有其它物种能够在物理学背景中理解自己的历史。 就算是以光年的速度我们也无法穿透这个世界， 但是超越无数光年的正是我们的思想， 而且这样的思想必然浮现在人类中的确定的个体身上。 因此当我们说人类的时候，我们说的是一个集合， 定义这个集合的方法就是定义其中的每一个人，这并不容易， 相比探索到遥远的远古。
Ancient environments, including geology, geography, and climate, have accumulated substantial research. Our brief descriptions often serve as indexes, indexes behind which may be a scholar's long-term study in their field. Placing human history within the real physical world is not to suggest our insignificance or greatness; however, as far as we know, or perhaps due to our ignorance, we do not know of any other species that can understand its own history within the context of physics. Even traveling at the speed of light, we cannot penetrate this world, but it is our thoughts that transcend countless light-years, and such thoughts inevitably appear in specific individuals among humans. Therefore, when we say "humanity," we refer to a collective, defining this collective by defining each individual within it, which is not easy, compared to exploring the distant ancient times.
在人类出现之前， 大陆结构已经确定了。 有阳光灿烂的非洲做为冬天的度假场， 有广阔的欧亚大陆做为农业与战争的空间， 有美洲和澳大利亚做为史前人类迁徙的陷阱， 同时也做为大航海后的新大陆。
Before the emergence of humans, the continental structure was already determined. With sunny Africa as a winter vacation destination, with the vast Eurasian continent as space for agriculture and warfare, with America and Australia as traps for prehistoric human migration, and also as new continents after the Age of Discovery.
在我们了解生命出现之前有一个问题， 此时星空已经遥远无法触及， 恐龙也还没有出现， 超越人类生命的时光如此巨大， 让一个命无久矣的卑微人类了解这漫长的起源有什么意义？
Before life emerged, there was a question: the stars in the sky were already distant and untouchable, dinosaurs had not yet appeared, and the times that transcended human life were so vast, what meaning does it hold for a humble human whose life is短暂的 to understand this long origin?
空虚混沌的黑暗深渊中， 人类终将出现。 这是上帝的安排吗？ 为了把生命和死亡更强烈的送给人类， 之前有漫长的前奏， 然后是一瞬的生命， 却看到万古洪荒。 把欢喜和恐惧搅成一团， 让人类来品尝。
In the void of混沌 darkness, humanity will eventually appear. Is this God's arrangement? To make life and death more starkly felt by humans, there was a long prelude before, then a momentary life, yet seeing the ages eternal. Mixing joy and fear together, let humans taste it.
这到底是为什么？
Why is this so?
回顾地球诞生后伴随着大海与大陆的形成， 5 亿年内， 她就开始供养生命（生物）。
Recalling Earth's birth and the formation of seas and continents, within 500 million years, she began to nurture life (organisms).
古人曾说：天有好生之德。 而地球就是一位年轻的妈妈。 人类的生命以“年”计数， 地球的生命以“亿年”计数。
Ancient people once said: Heaven has the virtue of nurturing life. And Earth is a young mother. Human life is measured in "years," while Earth's life is measured in "hundred million years."
在冥古宙的时候， 就是在40亿年前， 重轰炸结束时， 地球才5-6亿岁， 地壳刚才凝固， 大气和海洋开始出现， 最早的生命化合物也出现， 为物种的起源做准备， 首先需要合成有机分子， 包括蛋白质类、脂肪类分子、 还有帮助生化反应开始的酶类分子。 可能是火山喷发和闪电制造了化学反应条件， 然后核酸、脂肪酸和氨基酸出现， 然后产生可以复制的基因信息。 最初可能是 RNA 分子复制， 后来 DNA 分子复制成为主导。 此时大气中尚未有氧气。
Almost immediately after the heavy bombardment ceased, the earliest forms of life began to appear on Earth. Considering the state of the surface, which was marked by widespread volcanic eruptions at the time, the emergence of life is astonishing.
在后期重轰炸期（38~41亿年前）， 尽管地面如同地狱， 海洋被完全煮沸， 撞入地球的小行星及微行星却可能在同时带来了不同的生命物质。
During the late heavy bombardment period (3.8 to 4.1 billion years ago), 虽然地表如炼狱一般，海洋也被彻底沸腾， but asteroids and microplanets crashing into Earth might have brought in different forms of life at the same time.
此时， 细胞以及原核生物出现， 糖酵解产生了现今所有生物都用到的三磷酸腺甘， ATP， 这是一种分子， 可以临时储存能量。 对于短跑运动员来说是非常重要的能量形式， 因为ATP支持爆发力， 决定了短跑运动员的加速能力。
At this time, cells and prokaryotes appeared, glycolysis produced adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that can temporarily store energy. For sprinters, ATP is a crucial form of energy because it supports explosive power, determining the acceleration ability of sprinters.
进入太古宙后。在35亿年前， 单细胞生物出现， 分化出细菌和古菌。 33 亿年前， 出现能进行光合作用的蓝菌， 大气中氧气浓度上升， 然而氧气的增加却使许多生物中毒灭亡。
After cooling, it started raining.
进入元古宙后， 可能在12亿年前就出现了两性繁殖， 10亿年前， 多细胞生物出现， 首先是生活在海洋中的藻及海苔。 5.8-5.4亿年前， 浅海近岸的水中出现腔肠动物 （水母类和海鳃类）， 环节动物、节肢动物等。
After the Precambrian, sexual reproduction may have emerged around 1.2 billion years ago. Around 1 billion years ago, multicellular organisms appeared, initially including algae and seaweeds living in the ocean. Between 580 million to 540 million years ago, cnidarians (jellyfish and coral-like forms) appeared in shallow coastal waters, along with annelids, arthropods, and other groups.
氧气的累积使臭氧层可以形成； 而臭氧层可阻挡太阳的有害辐射， 保护生命向陆地上发展。
The accumulation of oxygen allows the ozone layer to form; and the ozone layer can block harmful solar radiation, protecting life from developing on land.
进入显生宙后， 约5.4亿年前物种数量爆发， 产生了现令多数动物分类中 的“门” （phyla, phylum in: domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order...）， 爆发的时间大约2千万年， 称为寒武纪大爆发。 当时， 以三叶虫为主的节肢动物是最主要的门。 奇虾是达2米长的猎食者， 它的后代可能是海蜘蛛。
During the Phanerozoid Eon, approximately 500 million years ago, there was an explosion in species diversity. This event led to the development of most animal phyla that we recognize today and is known as the Cambrian Explosion.
皮卡虫， Pikaia， 是地球上最原始的脊索动物， 出现在寒武纪中期。它可能是人类的祖先。平均5厘米长， 游泳的样子可能像鳗鱼， 但是较慢。
Pikaia is the most primitive chordate on Earth, appearing during the Middle Cambrian period. It might be an ancestor of humans. On average, it is about 5 centimeters long. Its swimming appearance may resemble that of an eel, but it moves more slowly.
发现皮卡虫的学者因此感觉到人类的卑微， 这就是人类的祖先吗？ 他被称为虫子， 至今也没有了解它出现的全部原因。
Scholars who discovered the Pikachus feel humbled by this, Is this how human ancestors looked? They are called bugs, And they have yet to fully understand the reasons for their appearance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaia
当时的生命大多在水中， 5亿年前的线索中有太多不确定的因素。 在一个人数十年的时间里尝试追寻5亿年的缘由， 还能怎么样准确呢？
Back then, life was predominantly in the water. There are too many uncertainties in the clues from 500 million years ago. Trying to trace back 500 million years over a person's entire career—how precise can it be?
无法改变的现实背后是无法改变的来源，
其中有无法穷尽的秘密。
皮卡虫是人类的一种可能来源，
我们不希望在自己的来源中增加错误，
然而每一份科学数据都带有误差， 总之，
找到这条小小的虫子是一件令人惊奇的事情。
Behind the unchangeable reality lies an unchangeable source, with secrets that can never be fully exhausted. Pikachu is a possible origin of humans, and we do not wish to add errors to our own origins. However, every scientific data comes with error; in any case, finding this tiny insect is astonishing.
很久很久以后， 一座大山脚下， 有几个孩子在玩耍， 他们没有注意到无限延伸的原野已经去到了天际， 小伙伴一起玩得开心， 没有在意群山起伏如波涛般远去。
A long, long time ago, at the foot of a great mountain, there were some children playing.
They did not notice that the endless plain had extended to the horizon,
The playmates played happily without minding how the hills rose and fell like waves in the distance.
离开他们叽叽喳喳的声音后， 在无穷的寂静中， 微风摇动小小的一朵马兰花， 蓝白色的小花无比的柔弱。
After their chirping voices faded away, in the infinite silence, a tiny clover moved gently in the breeze, the little blue-white flower incredibly delicate.
苍茫天穹无法包容山脉峰峦如海水汹涌， 地平线外有大山远去的身影。
The vast sky cannot contain the mountain peaks surging like seawater, and beyond the horizon lies the distant shadow of great mountains.
仅仅是天空与山野就令人屈服， 人类的身影被压缩成为小小的几个点。 既然一切的来源是同样的， 我们已经知道， 一切的归属， 也许也是同样的。
Just the sky and wilderness are enough to make one submit, human figures compressed into mere small points. Since everything originates from the same source, we already know that everything's归属 might also be the same.
山与海， 人与天空， 终将搂抱在一起。
Mountains and seas, people and the sky, will eventually embrace each other.
孩子们在寻找独特的石头， 却惊喜的发现贝壳。 这些独特的小石头， 明显曾经是海洋生物， 它们说明， 这一片山野曾经躺在深深的海水下， 湛蓝的天空， 曾经是大海。
Children were searching for unique stones but surprisingly discovered shells. These distinct little stones had clearly once been part of marine life, indicating that this patch of wilderness used to lie beneath deep seas, the vast blue sky having once been an ocean.
无穷的岁月在流淌。
Infinite time flows on.
上帝将百亿年尺度计算的岁月， 放入不过百年的幼小的心中， 也许就是对我们的信任与宠爱。 将泥土与石头的来源告诉我们， 让我们在肉体消散时， 安心回归。
God placed billions of years of calculations into the small hearts over just a hundred years, perhaps as a sign of trust and affection. Telling us about the origins of mud and stones, so that we can rest assured to return when our bodies disperse.
中国的北方和南方来源于不同的大陆版块， 因此在黄河上游也可以找到远古海洋生物的化石。
The northern and southern parts of China originated from different continental plates, so ancient marine fossils can also be found in the upper reaches of the Yellow River.
从地壳版块的移动到海洋季风的方向， 这个世界有一条条规则编织成为迷宫一般的图案， 交叉重叠着等待着学者们的探索。 当我们理解了规则， 死亡就不再冷酷。 在深渊中， 也有上帝编织的大网， 在坠落和恐惧中， 将我们的灵魂捞起来。 忘记生死变幻的痛苦， 融入自然， 经历沧海桑田。
From the movement of tectonic plates to the direction of marine monsoons, this world is woven with rules into a labyrinth-like pattern, crossing and overlapping, waiting for scholars to explore. When we understand the rules, death is no longer cold. In the abyss, there are also nets woven by God, in the fall and fear, scooping up our souls. Forget the pain of life and death的变化, merge with nature, experience the vicissitudes of the sea and land.
现在我们继续跟随时间的标示前进。
Now we continue to move forward with the markings of time.
在5亿3千万年前的地层中， 人们发现了丰娇昆明鱼的化石， 这是已知最古老的脊椎动物，
In geological layers dating back 530 million years, fossils of Pomatodon kunmingensis were discovered, this is the oldest known vertebrate.
4.75亿年前， 原始植物从绿藻演化并移至陆地上， 森林逐渐出现， 林间没有人， 没有动物， 没有昆虫， 只有植物。 层层枝叶在阳光下摇摆， 因为有风。
405 million years ago, primitive plants evolved from green algae and moved onto land, forests gradually appeared. The forest was empty, with no animals, no insects, only plants. Layer upon layer of foliage swayed in the sunlight because of the wind.
4亿年前出现没有翅膀的昆虫， 如蠹鱼、跳虫及缨尾虫。 第一类鲨鱼亦出现。
Insects without wings, such as bark lice, springtails, and diplurans, appeared about 400 million years ago. The first sharks also emerged.
3亿年前， 盘古大陆形成， 并维持了1亿2千万年。 这是地球上的各大洲最后一次合在一起。
Three hundred million years ago, the Pangaea continent formed and maintained for 120 million years. This was the last time all the continents on Earth were joined together.
做为大陆他分裂了自己， 给所有在他身体上出现的生物定下了地理框架。 地理结构是决定生物演化的重要因素， 生命的演化绝非由生命意志单独决定， 整个世界都在帮助生命进化。
As he split himself on the mainland,
he established a geographical framework for all the creatures that appeared on his body.
Geographical structure is an important factor in determining biological evolution,
the evolution of life is not solely determined by the will of life itself;
the entire world is helping life to evolve.
我们来自这个世界， 我们也将留在这个世界。 帮助人类演化的力量远远超过人类的想像力， 让我们称他为上帝吧。
We come from this world and we will stay in this world. The force that aids human evolution far exceeds human imagination; let us call it God.
代数中， X 是一个符号， 代表未知数。 上帝的英文符号是 GOD， 通常指一切的创造者， 或者远超过人类的存在， 同时也不过是一个符号而已， 代表的内容包括了已知的和未知的。 因此， 可以用任何一个神的名字取代这个符号。
In algebra, X is a symbol representing an unknown value. The English symbol for God is GOD, typically referring to the creator of everything or something transcending human existence, yet it is merely a symbol whose meaning encompasses both known and unknown aspects. Therefore, any deity's name can be substituted for this symbol.
这是非常简单的变换。如果上帝懂得代数运算的话， 他就可以理解： 人类可能神化一个不同的符号然后送给他。
This is a very simple transformation. If God understands algebraic operations, he could understand: humans might deify a different symbol and give it to him.
尝试定义上帝， 尽管这是必然会反复失败的尝试， 却可能是人类进化的原因之一。
Trying to define God, though this is inevitably a futile attempt, might be one of the reasons for human evolution.
如果假设上帝理解我们幼稚的代数学， 因此我们就不和任何肤浅的人争论要用什么符号代表神的问题了， 我们也不认为阅读同一本经文的人会看到同样的上帝的面孔， 如果上帝无所不能， 他就可以让一万个人看到一万张不同的面孔。
If we assume that God understands our childish algebra, we would not argue with any shallow person about which symbol to use for the divine, and we do not believe that readers of the same scripture see the same face of God. If God is omnipotent, he could let ten thousand people see a thousand different faces.
相比寻找同时满足：全知、全能、全善的存在带来的思维悖论， 宗教组织可以让战争引来的痛苦施加在更多的肉体上， 我们就尝试停在战场之外吧。
Instead of grappling with the cognitive paradoxes involved in seeking a being that is omniscient, omnipotent, and perfectly good, religious organizations can inflict the suffering brought by war on more bodies, let us try to stay out of the battlefield.
当一个人产生了思想之后，他自然会想到这几个问题： 我是谁？从哪里来？到哪里去？要做什么？我为什么会想到这些问题？ 这些问题被称为哲学问题，不同的学术流派， 不同的宗教和文化都尝试给予不同的答案。 思想者最需要注意的是： 说谎的人们不会为你们提供正确的指引。
When a person has an idea, they naturally wonder about these questions: Who am I? Where do I come from? Where am I going? What should I do? Why do I think about these questions? These are known as philosophical questions, and different academic schools, different religions, and cultures all attempt to provide different answers. The thinker must pay particular attention to: Those who tell lies will not offer you the correct guidance.
2.8 亿年前， 蜻蜓目的巨脉蜻蜓是最大的昆虫， 翅膀展开长达2尺。 昆虫长这么大个子的原因可能是当时氧气浓度高达31%。
200 million years ago, giant dragonflies in the order Diplura were the largest insects, with wingspan reaching up to 2 feet. The reason for their large size as insects may have been due to oxygen levels being as high as 31% at that time.
2.5亿年前， 二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件杀死约90%的动物， 这是第四次及最严重的生物集群灭绝。灭绝过后还有生物， 水龙兽成为地表最常见的草食性动物。
250 million years ago, the Permian-Triassic extinction event killed about 90% of animal species, this was the fourth and most severe mass biological extinction. After the extinction, life continued, and the traversas became the most common herbivores on land.
2.3亿年前， 初龙类分化成为鳄鱼、恐龙及翼龙目。 恐龙， 可能是温血动物。 它们就是我们人类最近的前任了， 工作的职责是占领地面， 象是统治者一样， 它们傲视天与地。
200 million years ago, pelycosaurs diversified into crocodiles, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. Dinosaurs might have been endothermic animals. They were our closest ancestors, with the duty to dominate the ground like rulers, overseeing both sky and earth.
2.2亿年前， 气候非常乾燥， 适合这种气候的初龙类及裸子植物得益。
During the time about 220 million years ago, the climate was very dry, and this environment benefited the initial lizard-like creatures and gymnosperms that thrived in such conditions.
暴龙科的恐龙后来在电影《侏罗纪》中出演主角， 是知名的捕猎动物。 最大的一种被称为 T-Rex， 长达12米， 重10吨， 名符其实双足巨兽。 从尺寸上来说， 相当于双足奔跑的公交车这么大， 太可怕了， 如果出现在它面前， 人类没有机会， 好在当时没有人。
Tyrannosaurids later appeared as the main characters in the movie Jurassic Park, known for their famous predatory traits. The largest species was called T-Rex, measuring up to 12 meters long and weighing about 10 tons, living up to its name as a giant on two legs. In terms of size, it was comparable to a double-decker bus that runs on two legs, which is terrifying, If one were to encounter it, humans would have no chance, fortunately, there were no people around at the time.
成年龙是食物链顶级的主宰， 但它们 2岁时可能只有30公斤， 它们的化石 出现在中国和北美洲。 最长的恐龙在蜥脚下目（分类）， 比如： 双腔龙（ Amphicoelias）：60到80米以上, 阿拉莫龙（Alamosaurus）：40到45米以 上。 阿根廷龙（Argentinosaurus）：35到40米。
Adult dragons are the top rulers in the food chain, but they may weigh only 30 kilograms at 2 years old. Their fossils have been found in China and North America. The longest dinosaurs belong to the Sauropoda order, such as: - Amphicoelias: over 60 to 80 meters, - Alamosaurus: over 40 to 45 meters, - Argentinosaurus: 35 to 40 meters.
从此， 一个世纪又一个世纪， 一个千年又一个千年， 在地面上， 没有人能够前来挑战恐龙的统治， 因为这个时候没有人。
From then on, century after century, millennium after millennium, on the ground, no one could challenge the rule of the dinosaurs, because there was no one then.
2亿年前， 第五次生物集群灭绝事件开幕， 即三叠纪-侏罗纪灭绝事件发生。 海中的爬行动物包括鱼龙类及蛇颈龙类兴盛。 恐龙没有灭绝， 但槽齿类 全面死亡。 现今的两栖类， 滑体亚纲包括无尾目、有尾目及蚓螈开始出现。
200 million years ago, the fifth mass extinction event began, known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. Reptiles in the sea flourished, including ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Dinosaurs did not go extinct but the thyreophoran dinosaurs completely died out. Modern amphibians, including anura (true frogs), urodeles (salamanders), and apoda (caecilians) began to appear.
1.95亿年前， 出现目前已知最古老的哺乳动物吴氏巨颅兽。
105 million years ago, the Wuhan Giant Cranium Beast emerged, which is currently known to be the oldest mammal.
1.5亿年前， 地球上的恐龙种类有腕龙、迷惑龙、 剑龙、异特龙、 细小的嗜鸟龙及奥斯尼尔龙。 鸟类从兽脚亚目演化出来。
150 million years ago, the dinosaurs on Earth included Brachiosaurus, Skeletal Dragon, Stegosaurus, Allosaurus, small bird-like Dilophosaurus, and Osmolskaia. Birds evolved from the theropod group.
8000万年前， 蚂蚁出现。 7500万年前， 人类及老鼠的最后共同祖先出现。
80 million years ago, ants appeared. 75 million years ago, the last common ancestor of humans and mice emerged.
6550万年前， 白垩纪－第三纪灭绝事件， Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event， 恐龙几乎灭绝， 其中只有鸟类存活下来。
65.5 million years ago, the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, most dinosaurs went extinct, except birds survived.
灭绝的原因， 有不同假说， 比如： 魔法攻击， 流星撞击。 各种学说都有可能性， 有气候变迁说， 物种斗争说， 大陆漂移说， 地磁变化说， 植物 中毒说， 酸雨说， 海洋退潮说， 综合原因说... 最真实的解说可能是下一种学说。
The reasons for extinction are different hypotheses, such as magic attacks, meteor impacts. All theories have possibilities, climate change, species competition, continental drift, geomagnetic changes, plant poisoning, acid rain, sea level drop, multiple causes... The most true explanation may be the next theory.
作为巨无霸的统治者， 恐龙的统治地位曾经稳如磐石， 仿佛要持续永远。 如果出现在它们身旁， 人类是没有任何机会的， 现在它们竟然灭绝了。 在这个又一次灭绝事件之后， 弱小的人类将表演《终极捕猎者的成长》。 然而此时的“人类”还没有褪毛。
As rulers of the giants, the统治地位曾经稳如磐石, 仿佛要持续永远. If humans had appeared by their side, they would have had no chance at all, but now they are extinct. Following this new extinction event, the weak humans will perform "The Growth of the Ultimate Hunter." However, at this time, "humans" still lacked hair.
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv 关键词 vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv keywords vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
原核生物 prokaryote， 真核生物 eukaryote, 多细胞生物 multicellular organism, 糖酵解 Glycolysis, ATP: Adenosine TriPhosphate, 细菌 bacteria, 古菌 archaea, 蓝菌 cyanobacteria， 脊索动物 chordata, 节肢动物 arthropod, 寒武纪 cambrian period, 540-480 mya,
Prokaryote 原核生物， Eukaryote 真核生物, Multicellular organism 多细胞生物, Glycolysis 糖酵解, ATP: Adenosine TriPhosphate 腺苷三磷酸, Bacteria 细菌, Archaea 古菌, Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌， Chordata 脊索动物, Arthropod 节肢动物, Cambrian period 寒武纪 540-480 mya,
三叠纪 Triassic, 恐龙 Dinosaurs, Tyrannosauridae 暴龙科， 灵长目 primates, 人科 homonidae, 人亚科 homoninae, 人属 homo, 智人 homo sapiens, 黑猩猩 chimpanzee, 地猿 ardipithecus, 直立行走 bipedalism, 布洛卡区域 broca's area 和语言有关的脑域
Triassic 三叠纪， Dinosaurs 恐龙, Tyrannosauridae 暴龙科， Primates 灵长目, Homo 哺乳动物人族, Homininae 人亚科, Homo 人属, Homo sapiens 智人, Chimpanzee 黑猩猩, Ardipithecus 地猿， Bipedalism 直立行走， Broca's area 布洛卡区
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