中文原文 · 中文 + English · History index / 历史目录
13.8B, 138 亿年前。¶
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13.8 Billion Years Ago¶
在大爆炸的假说中， 最初的时候宇宙是一个奇异的点。
In the hypothesis of the Big Bang, at first, the universe was a strange point.
那时候没有人， 没有天，没有地， 没有祖国也没有自古以来。 没有地球、月亮，没有太阳系，没有整个宇宙。
Back then there was no one, no sky, no earth, no country or anything from ancient times. No Earth, no moon, no solar system, and no entire universe.
这是一种起源说， 也就是说世界是有起源的而不是无限的， 起源说目前看来更真实一些。 如果假设无限宇宙的世界观， 我们就需要假设一切都不仅仅是有可能， 而且是在某个无可得知的时空位置是真实存在的。 但是在大爆炸理论中，尽管仍然可以说是和上帝创世有类似， 但是每一个可能的情况都需要以某一项科学观察做为理论依据。
This is an origin theory, which means that the world has a beginning and is not infinite. Currently, the origin theory appears to be more realistic. If we assume the worldview of an infinite universe, we would need to assume that everything is not just possible, but actually exists at some unknown spatial or temporal location. However, in the Big Bang theory, although it can still be compared to divine creation, every possible scenario must be supported by a scientific observation.
138亿年前，整个世界，只有一个很小的点。 这个点的大小是普朗克常数的尺度， 就是 1.6E-35 米， 用毫米来表示就是不到二毫米的万万万万万万万万分之一， 一共八个万， 所以非常小，小到肉眼绝对看不见， 也就是接近于无，却不是无。
13.8 billion years ago, the entire universe was just a very small point. The size of this point was on the order of the Planck length, which is 1.6E-35 meters, expressed in millimeters it would be less than two millionths of a millimeter, equivalent to eight ten-thousands, so extremely small, to the extent that it could not be seen with the naked eye. It was nearly nothing, but not quite.
这一个点有极高密度、温度， 聚焦了人类难以想像的能量， 然后这个点开始爆炸， 略具体的说开始爆炸的细节可能是： 量子涨落导致暴涨， 暴涨产生夸克胶子浆。
This point has an extremely high density and temperature, concentrating energy beyond human imagination, and then it begins to explode. To be more specific, the details of the explosion might include: quantum fluctuations leading to inflation, which in turn produces quark-gluon plasma.
在古时候人们是不可能如上述这样认真推导宇宙起源的， 西欧复兴之后，科学得到发展， 之后很多学者为这个问题贡献了智慧。 他们的名字可以连成长长的一串， 他们的思路是符合逻辑的， 相关的研究是在科学知识的大背景中的， 这样的内容虽然还只能说是「假说」但是却是经得起证伪的。 或者说我们有一个基本的逻辑思维原则： 以科学研究的方法发展理论， 如果错了，就修正错误。
In ancient times, people could not have seriously derived the origin of the universe as described above. After the Renaissance in Western Europe, science developed, and many scholars contributed their wisdom to this question. Their names could be strung into a long list. Their thoughts were logical, and related research was conducted within the broad background of scientific knowledge. Although such content can only be considered 'hypotheses,' they are testable. Or we have a basic principle of logical thinking: develop theories with methods of scientific research, and correct errors if they prove wrong.
逻辑是思维中存在的规律， 然而没有人的时间里是不是也没有思维？ 在一开始的时候肯定是没有人的。
Logic is a pattern of thinking, but is there no thought in the absence of people? At the beginning, there certainly were no people.
从 1 秒钟到 10 秒钟，被称为轻子时期， Lepton Epoch 此时电子和正电子之间发生了湮灭， 剩余的质子、中子和电子的速度降低到相对论范围以下。
From 1 second to 10 seconds, known as the Lepton Epoch, electrons and positrons annihilated each other, leaving behind protons, neutrons, and electrons, which slowed down below relativistic speeds.
之后是光子时期，原子核、电子和光子构成高温浓密的电浆， 光子在电浆中和物质相互作用， 此时的宇宙能量密度主要来自光子。
After that comes the photon era, where atomic nuclei, electrons, and photons form a hot, dense plasma. Photons interact with matter in this plasma, and at this time, the universe's energy density is primarily sourced from photons.
上帝说：要有光，于是有了光。 或者有人说：大爆炸的起点就是我们祖先说的太极... 或者说大爆炸等同于创世纪、等同于神， 或者说它就是无，或者说它就是人类精神中的核心，体积为零... 我想人们应该先去理解什么叫做牵强附会， 即然 Big Bang 是一个物理学模型， 我们还是跟着物理学的推算就好了。
God said: Let there be light, and there was light. Or someone might say: The starting point of the Big Bang is what our ancestors referred to as Taiji... Or maybe the Big Bang is equivalent to the Genesis, equivalent to God, or perhaps it is nothingness or the core of human spirit, with zero volume... I think people should first understand what it means to stretch the truth. Since the Big Bang is a physics model, let's follow the calculations of physics.
20分钟左右， 核合成完成， 产生了略重的原子核和它们的同位素， 如氘元素、 氦的同位素3和4、锂的同位素6、7。
Within about 20 minutes, nuclear synthesis was completed, producing heavier atomic nuclei and their isotopes, such as deuterium, helium isotopes 3 and 4, and lithium isotopes 6 and 7.
之后， 宇宙的温度和密度降低到可以开始核聚变的程度。
After that, the temperature and density of the universe decreased to the point where nuclear fusion could begin.
38万年后，光子和物质的相互作用减少， 温度下降后原子核和电子可以结合成为：中性原子。 宇宙变得透明，微波背景辐射产生。
After 380,000 years, the interaction between photons and matter decreased, as the temperature dropped, atomic nuclei and electrons could combine to form: neutral atoms. The universe became transparent, and the microwave background radiation was produced.
约2000万年， 支持生物生命的化学组成产生了。
About 20 million years ago, the chemical composition supporting biological life arose.
5.6亿年后， 最早的恒星诞生， 星系开始演化，
之后估计至少有2千亿星系生成。
人类的太阳所在的银河系就是在其中的一个星系。
每一星系有数千万到亿万颗恒星，
每一颗恒星都是类似太阳的星体，
此时人类的太阳还远远没有产生。
没有太阳，当然也就没有地球，
进一步也不可能有地球人。
About 5.6 billion years ago, the earliest stars were born, and galaxies began to evolve.
It is estimated that at least two trillion galaxies have been formed since then.
Our Sun's galaxy, the Milky Way, was among them.
Each galaxy contains millions to billions of stars,
and each star is similar to our Sun.
At that time, our Sun had not yet been born.
Without the Sun, there would naturally be no Earth,
and human beings could not exist either.
再有点啰嗦地问一下， 没有人的地方有没有思想？ 没有思想的地方有没有逻辑？
A bit more tediously, I'll ask: Is there thought in places where no one is? Is there logic in places without thought?
这关联着一个极为基础的哲学问题：为什么总是有什么，而不可能是无？ 中共的所谓无神论者们能够体会到这个问题为什么非常基础吗？ 道儒佛中吹嘘着达到了《无》的境界的高人们想过这个问题吗？
This relates to a very fundamental philosophical question: why is there always something, and not nothing? Can the so-called atheists in the Communist Party feel how foundational this question is? Have the high-ranking individuals boasting of reaching the realm of 'Nothing' in Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism considered this question?
Why is there SOMETHING rather than NOTHING? or why? there is anything rather than nothing at all.
Why is there SOMETHING rather than NOTHING? or why? there is anything rather than nothing at all.
恒星在发光， 核聚变过程放射出巨大的光能。
核聚变同时将低原子量元素合成为较大质量的原子，
元素周期表上， 原子量大于氦的元素都来自恒星内的聚变反应。
Stars are shining, radiating enormous light energy through nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fusion also synthesizes lower atomic mass elements into heavier ones,
on the periodic table, all elements with an atomic weight greater than helium originate from stellar fusion reactions.
人类身体以碳氢化合物为主， 是恒星制造了这些元素。
不论是成年时的恒星， 还是恒星死亡时形成的超新星，
核聚变时产生较大原子量的元素。
The human body is mainly composed of hydrocarbons, which were created by stars. Whether it be adult stars or the supernovae formed when stars die, elements with larger atomic masses are produced during nuclear fusion.
因此， 构成人类身体的物料， 来自恒星， 来自燃烧的太阳， 最终来自大爆炸。
Therefore, the materials that constitute human bodies come from stars, from burning suns, ultimately from the Big Bang.
如果要追溯人类的来源， 恒星造人说也可以由此为基础来构造了。 然而我们的重点是尽快的洞穿更长的时间， 去直接观看更简单的真像。 从没有光的时候， 一直到万家灯火出现。 从一粒沙子开始演化出一张张温馨的餐桌和一次次快乐的晚餐， 中间应该有无数的故事。
If we trace back to the origin of humanity, the Stellar Anthropocentric Theory can also be based on this. However, our focus is on piercing through a longer time span to directly observe a simpler reality. From the time when there was no light at all, until万家灯火 (ten thousand lights illuminate) appeared. Starting from a grain of sand, evolving into one table after another full of warmth and one dinner after another filled with joy, there should be countless stories in between.
其中一个被遗忘的故事就是， 人们都有一份来自恒星的身体元素。
One forgotten story is that people have elements from stars in their bodies.
人， 生来平等。 这一条法则带有无数恒星的背书， 恒星们在生死间为每一个人提供了太过久远从而无法不平等的起源。
Human beings are born equal. This rule is backed by countless stars, which, in their birth and death over eons, have provided every person with an origin that is too profound to be unequal.
当然我们可以捡起一块石头说它同样含有元素周期表上的元素， 其中很多元素的原子量也大于碳元素， 但是人与石头的最大区别之一是人体不仅仅有各种元素原子， 而且人有人类的意识。 这时我们需要提及一个古老而且尚未寻得答案的哲学问题：什么是人类意识？ 假设人类可以研究石头内的每一个原子、分子， 问题是研究这块石头的这个人产生了什么样的意识？如何产生的？ 反过来说，如果这块石头里的某些元素原子和人体内的是同样的， 石头或者任何物体会不会像人一样产生意识？
Of course, we can pick up a stone and say that it contains elements from the periodic table as well, among which many have atomic weights greater than carbon. But one of the biggest differences between humans and stones is not just that our bodies contain various element atoms, but that humans possess human consciousness. At this point, we need to mention an ancient and still unanswered philosophical question: what is human consciousness? Assuming humans can study every atom and molecule within a stone, the question becomes: what kind of consciousness does the person studying the stone have? How does it arise? Conversely, if some element atoms in the stone are the same as those in the human body, would the stone or any object generate consciousness like humans?
如果各个领域的学者们一起坚持长期的研究搞清楚人体的所有结构和功能， 包括声光色味嗅触等感觉的原理， 也研究清楚每一个细胞包括每个神经元细胞的工作方式， 在这些研究成果的基础上能不能组合出人类意识？ 这个意识包括感觉、智力、情绪、知识、思想、精神、意志、善恶美丑的判断和喜好等等。 或者说人类意识能不能依靠物理、化学、生物等科学方法来进行结构和功能分解？ 这些问题都没有完美答案， 这样的问题构成了哲学研究者在思想上的必经之路（必须面对的挑战）。
If scholars from various fields persist in long-term research to understand all the structures and functions of the human body, including the principles behind senses such as sound, light, color, taste, smell, and touch, and also study the working mechanisms of every cell, including each neuron, can these research findings be combined to produce human consciousness? This consciousness includes perceptions, intelligence, emotions, knowledge, thoughts, spirit, willpower, judgments and preferences regarding good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and so on. Or, in other words, can human consciousness be structurally and functionally decomposed using physical, chemical, biological, and other scientific methods? These questions do not have perfect answers. Such questions form the necessary path of challenge for philosophical researchers in their thinking (the challenges they must face).
既然已经说到了人的平等， 这是本书的基本理念， 也就是说在尚无法理解人类意识之迷的时代里， 我们假设人体生命的平等是天赋的， 这就要求有肉体不遭受同类伤害的平等权力做为社会契约， 这种天真的假设包含着哲学挑战， 是我们界定人类与非人类的方法， 是我们定义善恶、美丑的基础。
Since we have discussed the equality of humans, which is a fundamental concept in this book, that is, in an era where we cannot yet comprehend the mystery of human consciousness, we assume that the equality of human life is a birthright. This requires an equal power to be free from harm by one's own kind as part of the social contract. This naive assumption poses a philosophical challenge, defining how we distinguish between humans and non-humans, and forming the basis for our definitions of good and evil, beauty and ugliness.
当我们直接从宇宙起源探索人类意识的源头时请注意，
「一切起源于大爆炸」只是一种科学假说，
只是这种假说目前接受程度较高而已。 就算这种假说合理，
即有著名学者们反复研究，也有大量的可观测物理量做为依据，
在我们拙劣的描述中也可能会有不准确， 或有谬误。
这些描述只能做为对真相的一种猜测， 或者某种程度的接近。
甚至于当我们以大爆炸为起点， 试图走过超过 137亿年的历史时，
爱因斯坦早已经在相对论中揭示时间流速的变化，
令人怀疑所谓存在的感觉只是梦境，
至少时间的流速是在变化的。
而且如果要信任这种假说的话，
明显有一个难于克服的挑战就是人类很难在实验室里搞一次大爆炸来观察研究。
尽管如此，这个假说是建立在理智的基础上的，
这比许多统治者的祖国们的来源假说更合理，更古老，
更能够承受证伪的力量。
The Milky Way has a spiral shape, with the Sun roughly at its midpoint along the Orion arm, closer to the inner part of the galaxy.
同样，什么是科学？ 这个问题也是一个基础的哲学问题， 人类证伪的能力是回答这个问题必须具备的概念。
What is science, then? This question is also a fundamental philosophical one, and the capability of falsification by humans is a concept necessary to answer it.
请让作者把废话一次说完，
在作者尽可能尝试提供准确的事实的同时任何人的知识都永远是有限而且可能充满错误的，
然而， 科学允许在研究中寻找真理、修正错误。如果上帝理解科学，
他也会同意人类不断承认自己的错误然后修正。 所以，
这里所写的一切仅做为思考素材，
决不希望做为无谓争论的材料，
也请不要以此做为任何伤害与迫害的借口。
简体中文绝对不是一种宽容的文字，
作者可能因为一个无耻小人的举报而遭受酷刑，
请不要做这样的事情。
Even though geocentrism was long discarded, from another perspective, it’s also entirely reasonable to understand humanity as central in this understanding. Today, humanity remains at the center of wisdom and emotion, so from that angle, humanity is still at the center of the world for now.
作为另外的一种参考， 与大爆炸假说对应的有平行宇宙假说。 当两个平行宇宙在一点触碰时， 从一点产生的“水波”在我们的宇宙扩散， 这个过程会形成大爆炸的“感觉”。
As an alternative reference, there is the parallel universe hypothesis corresponding to the Big Bang hypothesis. When two parallel universes touch at a point, the "water waves" generated from that point spread in our universe, forming the "feeling" of the Big Bang.
另一个问题是：为什么世界是有起源的而不是无限存在的？ 或者说永恒是不是一种幻觉？ 为了回答这一类问题人们又需要知道：人类认知的本质是什么？ 难于回答的问题太多。
Another question is: Why does the world have a beginning rather than existing infinitely? Or is eternity perhaps just an illusion? To answer such questions, one needs to know: what is the essence of human cognition? Too many difficult questions.
下面回到大爆炸中。
Back to the Big Bang.
自大爆炸开始， 大约90亿年后， 在一个名为银河系的星系中， 人类的太阳系诞生， 他可不是最早起床的恒星。 银河系是万亿星系中的一个， 太阳是银河系中至少 1千亿颗恒星中的一颗。
Since the Big Bang, approximately 9 billion years later, in a galaxy named the Milky Way, the Solar System of humans was born, and he wasn't even one of the earliest stars to wake up. The Milky Way is just one among trillion galaxies, and the Sun is one of at least 100 billion stars in the Milky Way.
如果把太阳比喻作为一个人， 以现在的人口数量来对比银河系中的恒星的数量， 那么太阳这一位充满阳光的人只是十二颗地球人口中的一员而已。
If we compare the Sun to a person, with the current population compared to the number of stars in the Milky Way, then this Sun, a beacon of light, is just one out of twelve Earth populations.
整个银河系为螺旋盘状， 太阳大约在半径上的中点附近， 在靠近银河系内侧的猎户臂上。
The entire galaxy is spiral and disk-shaped, the Sun is roughly at the midpoint in terms of radius, on the Orion Arm, which is closer to the inner part of the galaxy.
太阳的位置不在银河系的中心， 地球当然也不是太阳系的中心， 而曾经人类却以为自己是世界的中心。
The position of the sun is not at the center of the Milky Way, and Earth is naturally not at the center of the solar system, but once humans believed that they were at the center of the world.
尽管地心说被抛弃了很久， 然而， 从另外一个角度来说， 这也是一种完全合理的理解。 人类， 仍然处于对这个世界的理解的中心。 至今， 人类是智慧世界的中心， 也是感情世界的中心， 从这个角度来说人类就暂时还是整个世界的中心。
Despite the long abandonment of the geocentric model, from another perspective, this is also a fully reasonable understanding. Humanity still remains at the center of our comprehension of this world. To this day, humans are the center of the intelligent world and also the center of the emotional world. From this perspective, humanity is temporarily still at the center of the entire world.
银河系的中心是距离地球2万6千光年的银河之心， 也许银心不是更璀璨更多更大的恒星群， 而是黑洞， 是光也被拖回去无法逃逸的绝对的黑， 正如独裁者的野心，或者金字塔唯一的顶点。
The center of the Milky Way is 26,000 light-years away from Earth, Perhaps the core isn't more dazzling or vast with stars; rather, it might be a black hole, Where even light cannot escape its absolute darkness, Like an autocrat's ambition or the sole apex of a pyramid.
无穷的星系带动无数的恒星盘旋， 形成璀璨辽阔到无法想像的宇宙。 至此 ， 从紧密聚焦的一点， 到恒星间分离出无穷的距离， 90多亿年过去了。人类的太阳快要出现， 太阳系出现后， 将让人类演化， 直到2016年人口过70 亿， 如果人们站在时间轴上排队， 大约二年站一个人， 就可以从大爆炸排列到今天。
Infinite galaxies with countless stars orbiting, forming a vast universe that’s unimaginably bright and expansive. Over 9 billion years passed. The Sun was about to appear; after the solar system formed, humans would evolve, reaching 7 billion by 2016. If we stood in line on this timeline, it's like two years for every person.
站在虚空中， 面对太阳， 是致盲的强光， 背对太阳， 是繁星的海洋。 万有引力让星体之间存在永远的引力， 恒星之间却并没有汇集得更紧密而是间隔着似乎无穷无尽的距离， 为什么？
Standing in the void, facing the sun, is blinding bright light; facing away from the sun, it's an ocean of stars.
Gravitational forces keep celestial bodies in perpetual orbit,
yet stars do not gather closer together but maintain seemingly infinite distances from each other.
Why?
从时间上来说， 太阳和地球几乎一起产生， 太阳系大约在45.6 ±0.08 亿年前形成， 而地球大约形成于45.4±0.04亿年前。
In terms of time, the Sun and Earth were virtually formed at the same time. The solar system is estimated to have formed about 4.56 ± 0.08 billion years ago, while Earth is thought to have formed around 4.54 ± 0.04 billion years ago.
当时，在一片巨大的分子云中央， 有一小块发生了引力塌陷， 整个分子云有 20 Parsec 大小。Parsec 是一个尺度单位。 每个 parsec 约 3.26 亿光年。 而光年并不是时间单位， 一光年是我们看到光在一年中走过的距离， 因此光年也是距离单位，但是这个距离让极速的光走一年的时间， 所以时间和距离的概念有时候可以交替使用。 那么，空间和时间能不能交替？
At the center of a vast molecular cloud, a small portion experienced gravitational collapse. The entire molecular cloud was 20 Parsecs in size. A parsec is a unit of measurement. Each parsec is approximately 3.26 billion light-years. Note that a light-year is not a measure of time; it is the distance that light travels in one year. Therefore, a light-year is also a unit of distance. However, this distance makes even light take a year to traverse, so concepts of time and distance can sometimes be interchangeable.
Can space and time be interchangeable?
另一个距离单位是: AU， Astronomical Unit, 是 149597870 KM， 即 149 个百万公里， 约等于地球公转半径平均值
Another distance unit is: AU, Astronomical Unit, which is 149597870 KM, i.e., 149 million kilometers, approximately equal to Earth's average orbital radius.
当时形成太阳系的分子云中央就是一个 Parsec 大小。
At the center of the molecular cloud that formed the solar system, it was a parsec in size.
这个分子云中主要成份是氢， 质量塌陷的中央点燃成为太阳。 塌陷的原因可能是附近发生了若干次超新星爆发， 其中一颗超新星的冲击波在分子云中造成了超密度区域， 导致了这个塌陷， 从而触发了太阳的形成。
The main component of this molecular cloud is hydrogen, with the central region collapsing and igniting to become the Sun. The collapse may have been triggered by several supernova explosions nearby, with the shockwave from one of these supernovas creating a high-density region in the molecular cloud, leading to the collapse and triggering the formation of the Sun.
与人类微小的身体相比， 太阳是无可比拟的宏大， 然而他就是这样形成的。
Compared to human bodies, which are small, the Sun is incomparably vast, yet it was formed in just such a manner.
一开始， 其中心形成了一个致密而且很热的区域， 在大约十万年的时间里， 在重力、压力、 磁场和角动量的作用下， 太阳星云成为一个《原行星盘》， 收缩的星云变得扁平。
At first, a dense and very hot region formed at its center. Over about ten million years, under the influence of gravity, pressure, magnetic fields, and angular momentum, the solar nebula became a protoplanetary disk, with the contracting nebula becoming flattened.
按照星云假说， 形成恒星的时候也产生了行星的种子。 是由尘埃在重力和电作用下形成的。 就是说太阳的种子和地球的种子是一起生成的， 在太阳系星云坍缩的同时， 星盘旋转， 遵守角动量守恒。 盘内的气体、冰粒、尘埃结合， 这样就产生了的行星种子， 直径一到十公里。 这些种子经过1000至2000万年的生长形成行星胚胎。 这时， 太阳盘里有数百个类似的行星胚胎。
According to the Nebular Hypothesis, planetary seeds were formed when stars took shape. These seeds were formed from dust under the influence of gravity and electricity. In other words, the seed of Earth was generated alongside the seed of the Sun. As the solar nebula collapsed in the solar system, the disk rotated, conserving angular momentum. Gases, ice grains, and dust within the disk combined to form these planetary seeds, with diameters ranging from one to ten kilometers. These seeds grew into planetary embryos over 10 to 20 million years. At this point, the Sun's disk contained hundreds of similar planetary embryos.
这个阶段的太阳也称为：金牛T星， 英文是 T Tauri Star。
During this phase, the Sun was also known as a T Tauri star.
之后在五千万年内， 星盘核心的温度和压力上升， 氢元素开始聚变， 这是一种强烈的核反应， 产生巨大能量抗拒重力收缩直到静力平衡。 之后太阳进入成熟阶段， 成为主序星， Main Sequence Star， 这就是我们现在习惯的状态， 氢聚变稳定的放射出巨大能量， 阳光开始照耀太阳系。
In the next fifty million years, the temperature and pressure at the core of the stellar disk increased, causing hydrogen to begin fusing. This is a strong nuclear reaction that produces enormous energy, resisting gravitational contraction until hydrostatic equilibrium. Afterward, the sun entered its mature phase and became a main sequence star, which is now our familiar state—hydrogen fusion steadily releasing vast amounts of energy, with sunlight beginning to illuminate the solar system.
光能不仅使地球生命繁衍， 而且将来会成为太阳能工业的源头， 让进化后的人类在充分使用所谓化石能源之后（煤炭石油等）， 再更直接的使用太阳系的能量。
Solar energy not only enables the proliferation of life on Earth, but will also become the source for the solar industry in the future, allowing evolved humans to directly utilize the energy of the solar system after they have fully exploited so-called fossil fuels (such as coal and oil).
而在太阳刚刚成为主序星的当时， 太阳系内行星的胚胎相互撞击， 这些微小星体撞碎后的碎粒再由重力拉回星体。 太阳到地球大约是1个AU 的距离， 在距离太阳 4个 AU 以内的内侧轨道内， 由于温度过高， 水和甲烷类物质难以保持为液体， 所以这里形成的微行星比如地球种子是由高熔点的物质构成的， 主要有铁、镍、铝和硅酸盐石头等。 这些石质行星称为类地行星如水星、金星、火星、还有地球自己。 它们的成分物质在宇宙中很稀少， 大约只占星云质量的0.6%， 所以类地行星不会长得太大。 类地行星胚胎在太阳形成后大约需要 100 个千年时间成长到 0.05 地球质量后的这些小天体相互撞击与合并， 直到增长到它们今天的大小。
When the Sun was just a main-sequence star, planetary embryos in the solar system collided with each other, and these tiny bodies were shattered into fragments that were then drawn back by gravity to form new bodies. The distance from the Sun to Earth is approximately 1 AU, within an inner orbit at about 4 AU from the Sun, due to excessive temperature, water and methane-like substances could not remain as liquids, so microplanets like Earth's seeds here were composed of high-melting-point materials, mainly iron, nickel, aluminum, and silicate rocks. These rocky planets are called terrestrial planets, such as Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth itself. Their constituent materials are relatively rare in the universe, making up only about 0.6% of the nebula's mass, so terrestrial planets would not grow very large. After the formation of the Sun, it took approximately 100 millennia for terrestrial planet embryos to collide and merge until they reached their current sizes.
类地行星的构造都很相似： 中央是一个以铁为主， 大部分为金属的核心， 围绕在周围的是以硅酸盐为主的地涵。 月球的构成也相似， 但是核心缺乏熔化的铁心。
The construction of terrestrial planets is similar: At the center, there is a core composed mainly of iron, surrounded by an mantle primarily made of silicate. The Moon's composition is also similar, but it lacks a molten core.
当时太阳 2-4 AU 半径内的内太阳系有50－100个行星胚胎， 从月球大小到火星大小。 在内太阳系边缘， 有一小行星带存在。
At the time, within 2-4 AU of the Sun in the inner solar system, there were 50 to 100 planet embryos ranging from the size of the Moon to Mars. At the edge of the inner solar system, a belt of asteroids existed.
月球形成于大约45.3亿年前， 起源尚无定论。
现今最受推崇的地月系统形成理论是大碰撞说。
该理论认为有一颗火星大小、 质量约为地球的1/10的天体与原始地球发生碰撞，
爆裂出的物质进入环绕地球的轨道， 然后相互吸引汇聚后形成了月球。
碰撞中， 月亮的核心沉入了原来地球的核心，
逐渐合并形成地球新的地核。
The Moon formed about 4.53 billion years ago, and its origin remains uncertain. The currently favored theory for the formation of the Earth-Moon system is the Giant Impact hypothesis. According to this theory, a planetesimal the size of Mars and with a mass approximately one-tenth that of Earth collided with the primitive Earth, ejecting material into an orbit around Earth, which then gradually coalesced to form the Moon. During the collision, the Moon's core sank into the original Earth's core, gradually merging to form Earth's new inner core.
就是说月亮女神将自己的心交给了地球之后就无法离开了。
That is to say, after the Moon Goddess gave her heart to Earth, she couldn't leave.
碰撞的能量也传递给地球， 让她自转。 这一次撞击大致设定了自转周期， 后来逐渐趋向 24 小时完成一次自转。
The impact also imparted rotational energy to the Earth, setting its initial rotation period. Over time, this gradually approached a 24-hour day.
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地球半径6371 KM， 赤道周长 40075 KM；
- 月球半径1737 KM， 赤道周长 10921 KM。
- 火星半径3389 KM， 重量为地球 1/10；
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Earth's radius is 6371 KM; equatorial circumference is 40075 KM;
- Moon's radius is 1737 KM; equatorial circumference is 10921 KM.
- Mars' radius is 3389 KM, with a mass one-tenth that of Earth.
现在有太阳， 有月亮， 地球上一天差不多就是一天的时间了， 地球表面是熔岩与流炎的世界。
Now there is a sun, a moon, Earth's day is about a day, The surface of the Earth is a world of lava and flowing fire.
在火星之外的轨道上， 木星和土星的轨道共振对小行星带影响强烈， 大质量的行星胚胎间引力交互作用， 木星的质量远大于内太阳系的几颗类地行星， 当木星轨道向内迁移时， 搅乱了小行星带， 这可能造成大量小星体撞向内侧的行星。 结果就是轰炸， 大量流星轰炸内侧行星， 包括地球。
Beyond Mars's orbit, Jupiter and Saturn's orbital resonance strongly affect the asteroid belt, The gravitational interactions among large-mass planet embryos, Jupiter's mass is much greater than that of several terrestrial planets in the inner solar system, When Jupiter's orbit migrated inward, it disrupted the asteroid belt, This might result in many small bodies colliding with the inner planets. The consequence was a bombardment, with numerous meteor showers bombarding inner planets, including Earth.
这样， 大约41亿年前、太阳系形成5到6亿年后， 太阳系内侧的星球上出现了流星如雨， 星空坠落的一个时期， 持续了几亿年， 水星和月球上明显存在的陨坑可以做为证明。 这一场轰炸被称为后期重轰炸（Late Heavy Bombardment），
About 4.1 billion years ago, several hundred million years after the formation of the solar system, there was a period of intense meteorite showers in the inner planets of the solar system, known as the Late Heavy Bombardment, which lasted for several hundred million years. The craters clearly visible on Mercury and the Moon serve as evidence for this bombardment.
当时月球女神来到地球身边不久， 她在伤心之余又承受了这一场碎星飞落的魔法攻击， 月球表面被打出了坑坑巴巴， 这一事件也被称为月球灾难。
Shortly after the Moon Goddess arrived on Earth, besides her sorrow, she also suffered from a magical attack of flying meteorites, which left craters all over the lunar surface. This event is known as the Lunar Disaster.
地球、水星、金星及火星也都无可回避的承受了轰炸。 从月球表面陨石成坑的频率来推断， 当时在地球也会有如下撞击结果：
The Earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars also suffered bombardment without exception. Based on the frequency of meteorite craters on the lunar surface at that time, there would have been similar impact results on Earth.
- 22000 多直径超过20公里的撞击坑；
- 约40个直径约1000公里的撞击盆地；
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几个直径约5000公里的撞击盆地；
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More than 22,000 impact craters with diameters over 20 kilometers;
- About 40 impact basins with diameters around 1,000 kilometers;
- A few impact basins with diameters around 5,000 kilometers;
这一切都可以应用牛顿力学和爱因斯坦的相对论力学进行模拟计算。
All of this can be simulated and calculated using Newtonian mechanics and Einstein's relativistic mechanics.
此时， 陨石如星辰飞落， 将地面上的熔岩溅射到天外， 炙热的岩浆如水蛇般四处爬行，不时被流星击中，铁流四溢。
At this moment, the meteorites fell like stars, splashing lava up into the sky. The scorching magma crawled around like water snakes, occasionally being struck by meteors, sending molten iron flying in all directions.
一颗流星， 就可以将一座巨型城市甚至一个大型国家完全的毁灭、 深深地砸入一个大坑里， 好在当时没有人类。
A meteor could have completely destroyed a giant city or even a large country, burying it deeply in a huge crater. Fortunately, there were no humans around at the time.
只有在回溯时间时我们才知道人类注定要出现， 可是，时间还无法回溯。
Only by looking back in time do we know that humans were destined to appear, but, time cannot be traced back.
一些关键词是：
Key terms are:
大爆炸： Big Bang 平行宇宙: parallel universe 核合成： Nucleo-synthesis 星云假说：Nebular Hypothesis 太阳星云：Solar Nebula 角动量守恒：Conservation Angular Momentum 原行星盘：ProtoPlanetary disc 超新星： Supernova, 红巨星: red giant， 白矮星: white dwarf 金牛T星: T Tauri Star 主序星： Main Sequence Star 微行星： Planetesimal 星系：galaxy, 银河系：milky way (galaxy)
Big Bang: Big Bang Parallel Universe: parallel universe Nucleo-synthesis: nucleosynthesis Nebular Hypothesis: Nebular Hypothesis Solar Nebula: Solar Nebula Conservation Angular Momentum: Conservation of Angular Momentum ProtoPlanetary disc: ProtoPlanetary Disc Supernova: supernova, Red Giant: red giant, White Dwarf: white dwarf T Tauri Star: T Tauri Star Main Sequence Star: Main Sequence Star Planetesimal: planetesimal Galaxy: galaxy, Milky Way (Galaxy): milky way (galaxy)
后期重轰炸：Late Heavy Bombardment
Late Heavy Bombardment: Late Heavy Bombardment
太阳系， Solar System， 次序由内到外：
Solar System in order from the Sun: Mercury; Venus; Earth; Mars;
水星， Mercury; 金星， Venus; 地球， Earth; 火星， Mars;
Asteroid Belt:
小行星带， Asteroid Belt;
Jupiter; Saturn; Uranus; Neptune
木星， Jupiter; 土星， Saturn; 天王星， Uranus; 海王星， Neptune
Terrestrial planet, or called an Earth-like planet: telluric planet, or called a rocky planet: rocky planet
类地行星， terrestrial planet， 或称为地球类行星: telluric planet， 或称为岩石行星: rocky planet
Silicates: Silicates
硅酸盐：Silicates
Silicates: Silicates
}}}
Translation:
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